Nutrition Therapy in Non-intubated Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure.

Purpose Of Review: A challenging aspect of the care for patients with acute respiratory failure is their nutrition management. This manuscript consists of a literature review on nutrition therapy in non-intubated patients with acute respiratory failure receiving high-flow nasal cannula oxygenation or non-invasive positive pressure ventilation.

Recent Findings: Studies show that non-intubated patients with acute respiratory failure either on non-invasive ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula are largely underfed in the initial phase of their hospitalization.

Abscisic acid-induced modulation of metabolic and redox control pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Abscisic acid (ABA) has been implicated as a mediator in plant responses to various environmental stresses. To evaluate the transcriptional and metabolic events downstream of ABA perception, Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were analyzed by transcript and metabolite profiling, and results were integrated, using the recently developed BioPathAt tool, in the context of the biochemical pathways affected by this treatment. Besides the up-regulation of pathways related to the biosynthesis of compatible solutes (raffinose family oligosaccharides and certain amino acids) as a response to ABA treatment, we also observed a down-regulation of numerous genes putatively localized to and possibly involved in the reorganization of cell walls, an association that had not been recognized previously.

Amino acid polymorphisms in Arabidopsis phytochrome B cause differential responses to light.

Plants have a sophisticated system for sensing and responding to their light environment. The light responses of populations and species native to different habitats show adaptive variation; understanding the mechanisms underlying photomorphogenic variation is therefore of significant interest. In Arabidopsis thaliana, phytochrome B (PHYB) is the dominant photoreceptor for red light and plays a major role in white light.

Integrative analysis of transcript and metabolite profiling data sets to evaluate the regulation of biochemical pathways during photomorphogenesis.

One of the key developmental processes during photomorphogenesis is the differentiation of prolamellar bodies of proplastids into thylakoid membranes containing the photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes of chloroplasts. To study the regulatory events controlling pigment-protein complex assembly, including the biosynthesis of metabolic precursors and pigment end products, etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were irradiated with continuous red light (Rc), which led to rapid greening, or continuous far-red light (FRc), which did not result in visible greening, and subjected to analysis by oligonucleotide microarrays and targeted metabolite profiling. An analysis using BioPathAt, a bioinformatic tool that allows the visualization of post-genomic data sets directly on biochemical pathway maps, indicated that in Rc-treated seedlings mRNA expression and metabolite patterns were tightly correlated (e.

Quantitative trait loci controlling light and hormone response in two accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana.

We have mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for natural variation in light and hormone response between the Cape Verde Islands (Cvi) and Landsberg erecta (Ler) accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana using recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Hypocotyl length was measured in four light environments: white, blue, red, and far-red light and in the dark. In addition, white light plus gibberellin (GA) and dark plus the brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor brassinazole (BRZ) were used to detect hormone effects.

Natural variation in light sensitivity of Arabidopsis.

Because plants depend on light for growth, their development and physiology must suit the particular light environment. Plants native to different environments show heritable, apparently adaptive, changes in their response to light. As a first step in unraveling the genetic and molecular basis of these naturally occurring differences, we have characterized intraspecific variation in a light-dependent developmental process-seedling emergence.

Cloning of the Arabidopsis RSF1 gene by using a mapping strategy based on high-density DNA arrays and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography.

Mapping genes by chromosome walking is a widely used technique applicable to cloning virtually any gene that is identifiable by mutagenesis. We isolated the gene responsible for the recessive mutation rsf1 (for reduced sensitivity to far-red light) in the Arabidopsis Columbia accession by using classical genetic analysis and two recently developed technologies: genotyping high-density oligonucleotide DNA array and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). The Arabidopsis AT412 genotyping array and 32 F(2) plants were used to map the rsf1 mutation close to the top of chromosome 1 to an interval of approximately 500 kb.

Galactolipid deficiency and abnormal chloroplast development in the Arabidopsis MGD synthase 1 mutant.

The lipid monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGD) is a major structural component of photosynthetic membranes in chloroplasts. Its formation is catalyzed by the enzyme MGD synthase. In many plants, MGD derives from two different biosynthetic pathways: the prokaryotic pathway, which operates entirely within the plastid, and the eukaryotic pathway, which involves steps in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Abnormal cerebellar output in rats with an inherited movement disorder.

Biochemical and metabolic mapping techniques have consistently identified the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) of the genetically dystonic rat as a site of abnormality. Extracellular single-unit recording techniques were used to assess the functional significance of these findings in affected rats and normal littermates between 16 and 25 days of age. Cells in the medial nucleus of the mutant rats had significantly increased spontaneous firing rates in comparison with cells from normal rats.

GABA levels and GAD immunoreactivity in the deep cerebellar nuclei of rats with altered olivo-cerebellar function.

Immunocytochemistry was used to examine the distribution, size, and density of glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactive (GAD+) puncta in two animal models with movement disorders, the genetically dystonic (dt) rat and rats with 3-acetylpyridine (3AP) lesions of the inferior olive. In both models, GAD activity is increased in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) where the enzyme is localized primarily in the terminals of Purkinje cells. GABA levels were also measured in the DCN.

Tolerance to the tremorogenic effects of harmaline: evidence for altered olivo-cerebellar function.

Administration of the beta-carboline alkaloid, harmaline, causes the neurons of the inferior olive to fire synchronously and to act as a pacemaker for the generation of tremor. Rats treated daily with harmaline showed a progressive loss of drug-induced tremor. This tolerance was long-lasting and specific.

Decreased cerebellar 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels and insensitivity to harmaline in the genetically dystonic rat (dt).

The dystonic rat (dt) is an autosomal recessive mutant displaying a complex motor syndrome that includes sustained axial twisting movements. The syndrome is correlated with increased glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in the deep cerebellar nuclei and increased cerebellar norepinephrine levels in comparison with phenotypically normal littermates. Biochemical, behavioral, and anatomical techniques were used to investigate the possibility that the abnormalities noted in the cerebellum of the dt rat were indicative of altered function of the major projection neurons of the cerebellar cortex, the Purkinje cells.