The two coin sides of bacterial extracellular membrane nanovesicles: atherosclerosis trigger or remedy.

Among the numerous driving forces that cause the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), pathogenic bacterial extracellular membrane nanovesicles (BEMNs) containing toxins and virulence factors appear to be the key trigger of inflammation and atherogenesis, the major processes involved in the pathogenesis of ASCVD. Since BEMNs are the carriers of nanosized biomolecules to distant sites, they are now being considered as a novel drug delivery system. Nowadays, many therapeutic strategies are used to treat ASCVD.

The Role of Bacterial Extracellular Membrane Nanovesicles in Atherosclerosis: Unraveling a Potential Trigger.

Purpose Of Review: In this review, we explore the intriguing and evolving connections between bacterial extracellular membrane nanovesicles (BEMNs) and atherosclerosis development, highlighting the evidence on molecular mechanisms by which BEMNs can promote the athero-inflammatory process that is central to the progression of atherosclerosis.

Recent Findings: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily driven by metabolic and lifestyle factors; however, some studies have suggested that bacterial infections may contribute to the development of both atherogenesis and inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions. In particular, the participation of BEMNs in atherosclerosis pathogenesis has attracted special attention.

Hypotheses on Atherogenesis Triggering: Does the Infectious Nature of Atherosclerosis Development Have a Substruction?

Since the end of the 20th century, it has been clear that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. However, the main triggering mechanism of the inflammatory process in the vascular walls is still unclear. To date, many different hypotheses have been put forward to explain the causes of atherogenesis, and all of them are supported by strong evidence.

Involvement of Bacterial Extracellular Membrane Nanovesicles in Infectious Diseases and Their Application in Medicine.

Bacterial extracellular membrane nanovesicles (EMNs) are attracting the attention of scientists more and more every year. These formations are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, among which, of course, the leading role is occupied by infectious diseases, the causative agents of which are a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. A separate field for the study of the role of EMN is cancer.

[Bacterial Outer Membrane Nanovesicles: Structure, Biogenesis, Functions, and Application in Biotechnology and Medicine (Review)].

The review summarizes the comprehensive biochemical and physicochemical characteristics of extracellular membrane nanovesicles (EMN) derived from different kinds of bacteria. The EMN structure, composition, biogenesis, secretion mechanisms, formation conditions, functions, involvement in pathogenesis, and application in biotechnology and medicine are discussed.

[Excretion of extracellular membrane nanovesicles by aeromonas].

Aim: Study of extracellular membrane nanovesicles production by Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas salmonicida bacteria on a subcellular level.

Materials And Methods: 4 strains of A. hydrophila: 342-1, E 8-8, H 336 and H 1-6-05 and 1 strain of A.

Correlation between lipid deposition, immune-inflammatory cell content and MHC class II expression in diffuse intimal thickening of the human aorta.

Inflammatory reactions driven by an accumulation in the intima of immune-inflammatory cells and focal lipid depositions are the hallmarks of atherogenesis. It is commonly accepted that immune-inflammatory cell accumulation and lipid deposition are associated with the very earlier stage of atherosclerosis but no study has yet focused on the determination of quantitative values of this association. The present study examined correlations between lipid deposition, immune-inflammatory cell content and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule HLA-DR expression in diffuse intimal thickening (DIT), which is thought to represent the earliest macroscopic manifestation of atherosclerosis.

Universal and rapid method for purification of GFP-like proteins by the ethanol extraction.

GFP-like fluorescent proteins (FPs) are crucial in biological and biomedical studies. The majority of FP purification techniques either include multiple time-consuming chromatography steps with a low yield of the desired product or require prior protein modification (addition of special tags). In the present work, we propose an alternative ethanol extraction-based technique previously used for GFP purification and then modified for diverse FPs originated from different sources.

Constitutive biosynthesis and localization of alcohol oxidase in the ethanol-insensitive catabolite repression mutant ecr1 of the yeast Pichia methanolica.

The activity and localization of alcohol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.

[Physiologo-biochemical characteristics if Gluconobacter oxydans and prospects for its use in biotechnology and biosensor systems (review)].

Gluconobacter oxydans possesses a unique organization of metabolic systems, which are characterized by reduction of major dissimilation pathways, surface localization of main oxidative enzymes responsible for partial oxidation of carbon substrates, high performance of electron-transport chains, and accumulation of partially oxidized metabolites in the medium. These features allow us to use the cells of these microorganisms in biotechnology for production of several food products and medicines. The use of G.

[Formation of resting cells in microbial suspensions undergoing autolysis].

Under experimentally selected conditions favoring spontaneous or induced autolysis of cell suspensions, the asporogenous bacteria Escherichia coli and Methylococcus capsulatus, the bacilli Bacillus cereus (under conditions of suppressed sporulation), and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were shown to be capable of forming cystlike resting cells. Their number was influenced by (1) cell density in the suspensions; (2) the presence of Ca2+ ions in nutrient-limited medium; (3) pH of medium; and (4) autolysis rate, dependent on the concentration of oleic acid (a chemical analogue of the autolysis-inducing d2 factor) introduced into the cell suspensions.

[Formation of a resting form of Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus].

Under certain cultivation conditions, the bacteria Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus luteus form cystlike refractive cells (up to 60% of the total number) that retain viability over a long time, are metabolically inactive and thermotolerant and possess specific ultrastructure. These properties allow them to be attributed to a new type of resting forms of microorganisms.

Molecular forms of lipases and their localization in the fungus Rhizopus microsporus by immuno-electron microscopy.

Several lipases differing in their molecular masses (24, 32, 43, 66 and 98 kDa and 28, 40, 45 and 69 kDa) were found in Rhizopus microsporus UzLT-4B and UzLT-5C, respectively. The lipases in each strain were immunologically related. Strain UzLT-5C grown on a medium with lipid substrate secreted lipases of 32, 66 and 98 kDa whereas strain UzLT-4B produced lipases of 45 and 69 kDa on the same medium.

[Degradation of alkylsulfates by a Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture immobilized on a polyvinyl alcohol fiber].

Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells capable of destroying alkyl sulfates, anionic surfactants, were immobilised on activated polyvinyl alcohol fibres. The immobilised cells could decompose SDS. When the immobilised cells were used repeatedly, their biomass increased but the activity hardly changed.

[Immobilization of E. coli cells in polyacrylamide-based microporous cryogels].

E. coli cells were immobilized in polyacrylamide cryogel by three ways: (1) introduction of cells in the reaction mixture followed by cryopolymerization; (2) the filling of the cryogel pores followed by cell fixation with diluted glutaric dialdehyde (GDA), and (3) the filling of the macropores of the polymeric matrix with modified surface. The ultrastructure of the gels and immobilized cells as well as distribution of attachment of the cells immobilized by different techniques were studied.

[Selection of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida cultures with an enhanced resistance to immobilization on polyacrylamide gel].

Clones of Escherichia coli (A4, A70, G60) and Pseudomonas putida (A70, G30) with an elevated resistance to the process of immobilization in polyacrylamide gel and to the action of monomeric acrylamide were selected from the parent E. coli IBPM B115 and P. putida.

[Protective action of antioxidants on Escherichia coli cells immobilized in polyacrylamide gel].

The object of this work was to find out whether antioxidants could be used for weakening the effect of free radicals on Escherichia coli cells immobilized in polyacrylamide gel. Some of the antioxidants soluble in lipids and water (ionol, Epigid, glutathione) protected the cells against the action of free radicals produced in the process of acrylamide polymerization, and increased the viability of the immobilized bacteria.

[Prediction of microorganism resistance to the immobilization process in polyacrylamide gel].

It is shown that the immobilization of bacterial cells in polyacrylamide gel or their exposure to monomer acrylamide results in a quantitatively similar decrease of their viability. It is indicated that acrylamide treatment may be used as a test for measuring the resistance of microbial populations to polyacrylamide gel immobilization and predicting the survival rate of microorganisms incorporated.

[Action of acrylamide on Escherichia coli cells].

The action of acrylamide on Escherichia coli B was studied: short-term action at high concentrations, long-term action at low doses under the normal conditions of growth and in the process of cell immobilization in polyacrylamide gel. Such a treatment was found to cause considerable structural changes in the cells. Division of the cells was inhibited and they reached giant sizes when grown in media containing 1-2% of acrylamide.

[Influence of various factors in polyacrylamide gel immobilization on the viability of Escherichia coli B cells].

The entrapment of an E. coli cell population into polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) is associated with a drastic decline of its viability. The effect of immobilization factors (the reagents used for PAAG preparation, their mixtures and the elevated temperature) upon the viability of the E.

Physiological and biochemical properties and morphology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae VKMu-488 cells incorporated into polyacrylamide gel.

The enzymatic activity, viability, respiratory activity, and ultrastructural changes in saccharomyces cerevisiae VKMu-488 cells, which carry out the stereospecific 17 beta-reduction of methyl esters, was studied. The 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity of yeasts in gel is four times lower than that of free cells and is unstable. The decrease in the viability and respiratory activity immediately after immobilization, the disturbance in the ultrastructure of the cells in gel along with the progressive lysis of the cells in the course of the transformation indicate that polymerization has a stressful effect on this culture.