To be seen as a unique person after suffering a second myocardial infarction: Expressed needs of patients and descriptions of personnel.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe patients' expressed needs during cardiac rehabilitation after suffering a second myocardial infarction in comparison to personnel's descriptions of how they work with these patients.

Research Methodology: A descriptive qualitative design. Interviews were conducted with patients affected by two myocardial infarctions and registered nurses, physiotherapists and cardiologists working with cardiac rehabilitation.

The second myocardial infarction: Is there any difference in symptoms and prehospital delay compared to the first myocardial infarction?

Background: Knowledge is limited concerning the type of symptoms and the time from onset of symptoms to first medical contact at first and second myocardial infarction in the same patient.

Aim: This study aimed to describe the type of symptoms and the time from onset of symptoms to first medical contact in first and second myocardial infarctions in men and women affected by two myocardial infarctions. Furthermore, the aim was to identify factors associated with prehospital delays ≥2 h at second myocardial infarction.

A second chance at life: people's lived experiences of surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Background: There is more to illuminate about people's experiences of surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and how such an event affects people's lives over time.

Aims: This study aimed to elucidate meanings of people's lived experiences and changes in everyday life during their first year after surviving OHCA.

Methods: A qualitative, longitudinal design was used.

The second myocardial infarction: Higher risk factor burden and earlier second myocardial infarction in women compared with men. The Northern Sweden MONICA study.

Background: Several studies have examined various parameters and experiences when patients suffer their first myocardial infarction (MI), but knowledge about when they suffer their second MI is limited.

Aim: To compare risk factors for MI, that is, diabetes, hypertension and smoking, for the first and second MI events in men and women affected by two MIs and to analyse the time intervals between the first and second MIs.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 1017 patients aged 25-74 years with first and second MIs from 1990 through 2009 registered in the Northern Sweden MONICA registry.

Diabetes mellitus, high BMI and low education level predict sudden cardiac death within 24 hours of incident myocardial infarction.

Background: More than half of cardiovascular mortality occurs outside the hospital, mainly due to consistently low survival rates from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Methods: This is a prospective, nested, case-control study derived from the Västerbotten Intervention Programme and the World Health Organization's Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease study in northern Sweden (1986-2006). To determine predictors for sudden cardiac death risk factors for cardiovascular disease were compared between incident myocardial infarction with sudden cardiac death (n = 363) and survivors of incident myocardial infarction (n = 1998) using multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Prodromal symptoms and health care consumption prior to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in patients without previously known ischaemic heart disease.

Aims: To describe prodromal symptoms and health care consumption prior to an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in patients without previously known ischaemic heart disease (IHD).

Background: The most common lethal event of cardiovascular disease is sudden cardiac death, and the majority occur outside hospital. Little is known about prodromal symptoms and health care consumption associated with OHCAs.

Meanings of people's lived experiences of surviving an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, 1 month after the event.

Background: The out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival rate has been poor and stable for a long time, but more recent studies describe its increase. However, there are few studies in which people narrate their experiences from surviving.

Objective: The aim of this study was to elucidate meanings of people's lived experiences of surviving an OHCA with validated myocardial infarction (MI) etiology, 1 month after the event.

Risk factors among people surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and their thoughts about what lifestyle means to them: a mixed methods study.

Background: The known risk factors for coronary heart disease among people prior suffering an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with validated myocardial infarction aetiology and their thoughts about what lifestyle means to them after surviving have rarely been described. Therefore the aim of the study was to describe risk factors and lifestyle among survivors.

Methods: An explanatory mixed methods design was used.

Trends in incidence and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest among people with validated myocardial infarction.

Aims: To describe trends in incidence, outcome, and background characteristics among people who suffered an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with validated myocardial infarction aetiology (OHCA-V).

Methods And Results: People from the northern Sweden MONICA myocardial registry (1989-2007) with OHCA-V (n = 2977) were divided in two age groups (25-64 and 65-74 years). Both those who were resuscitated outside hospital and those who died before resuscitation was started were included in the study.

The disparity between long-term survival in patients with and without diabetes following a first myocardial infarction did not change between 1989 and 2006: an analysis of 6,776 patients in the Northern Sweden MONICA Study.

Aims/hypothesis: Long-term survival after myocardial infarction (MI) has improved in the population, but data on diabetic patients is lacking. We analysed survival for up to 18 years after a first MI in patients with or without diabetes.

Methods: The Northern Sweden MONICA Myocardial Infarction Registry was linked to the Cause-of-Death Registry for a total of 6,776 patients, 25-64 years of age, with a first MI during 1989-2006.

Better long-term survival in young and middle-aged women than in men after a first myocardial infarction between 1985 and 2006. An analysis of 8630 patients in the northern Sweden MONICA study.

Background: There is conflicting and only scant evidence on the effect of gender on long-term survival after a myocardial infarction (MI). Our aim was to analyse sex-specific survival of patients for up to 23 years after a first MI in northern Sweden and to describe time trends.

Methods: The Northern Sweden MONICA Myocardial Infarction Registry was linked to The Swedish National Cause of Death Registry for a total of 8630 patients, 25 to 64 years of age, 6762 men and 1868 women, with a first MI during 1985-2006.

Large improvements in major cardiovascular risk factors in the population of northern Sweden: the MONICA study 1986-2009.

Objectives: the incidence of cardiovascular disease has declined rapidly in Sweden since the 1980s. We explored changes in major cardiovascular risk factors in northern Sweden between 1986 and 2009.

Design: since 1986, six population surveys have been carried out in northern Sweden using procedures of the World Health Organization MONICA project.

Sudden cardiac death among people with diabetes: preventive measures documented in their medical records.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine how prevention of complications for people with diabetes mellitus had been conducted, as described in their medical records, focusing particularly on sudden cardiac death. A further aim was to compare the documentation with guidelines for diabetes care.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, death and sudden cardiac death.

Profound cardiac conduction delay predicts mortality in myotonic dystrophy type 1.

Background: Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is known to affect mainly the musculoskeletal system. Early mortality is related to respiratory disease and possibly additional cardiovascular complications.

Aims: To identify possible cardiovascular disturbances that could predict survival of DM1 patients.

Ventricular dysfunction in type 1 myotonic dystrophy: electrical, mechanical, or both?

Background: Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a systemic disease which affects the heart and may be a cause of sudden death. Conduction disturbances are the major cardiac abnormalities seen in this condition. We sought to assess electrical and mechanical cardiac functions to identify abnormalities that might explain sudden cardiac death in DM1.

Gender differences in trends of acute myocardial infarction events: the Northern Sweden MONICA study 1985 - 2004.

Background: The registration of non-fatal and fatal MI events initiated 1985 in the WHO MONICA project has been ongoing in northern Sweden since the end of the WHO project in 1995. The purpose of the present study was to analyze gender differences in first and recurrent events, case fatality and mortality in myocardial infarction (MI) in Northern Sweden during the 20-year period 1985 - 2004.

Methods: Diagnosed MI events in subjects aged 25-64 years in the Counties of Norrbotten and Västerbotten were validated according to the MONICA protocol.

Time trends in symptoms and prehospital delay time in women vs. men with myocardial infarction over a 15-year period. The Northern Sweden MONICA Study.

Background: Few studies have examined the time between onset of myocardial infarction (MI) symptoms and arrival at hospital (prehospital delay time) and symptoms in men vs. women.

Aims: To describe prehospital delay time and symptoms in men vs.

Low level of tissue plasminogen activator activity in non-diabetic patients with a first myocardial infarction.

Objective: To explore the role of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activity and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) in survivors of a first myocardial infarction (MI). Insulin and proinsulin were analysed as potential risk factors.

Design: Case-control study in northern Sweden.

Silent myocardial infarction in women with impaired glucose tolerance: the Northern Sweden MONICA study.

Background: Patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) that is independent of traditional risk factors. Hence, slightly elevated glucose levels, even in the non-diabetic range, might be associated with increased macrovascular disease.

Methods: Within the Northern Sweden MONICA project a population survey was performed in 1986.

Relationship of cigarette smoking and snuff dipping to plasma fibrinogen, fibrinolytic variables and serum insulin. The Northern Sweden MONICA Study.

The influence of cigarette smoking and use of smokeless tobacco on plasma fibrinogen level, fibrinolytic variables, glucose tolerance and serum insulin was studied in a randomly selected population sample consisting of 604 men and 662 females between 25 and 64 years. Subjects were grouped according to tobacco habits as follows: regular smokers (> 1 cig/day), ex-smokers, snuff dippers, and non-tobacco users. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed on 54% of the participants.

Hyperinsulinemia predicts low tissue plasminogen activator activity in a healthy population: the Northern Sweden MONICA Study.

Fibrinogen levels predict atherothrombotic disease, and impaired fibrinolysis has been proposed as a risk factor for myocardial infarction. Fibrinolysis is mainly dependent on the activity of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and its inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1). Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed in 318 randomly selected healthy men and 324 women aged 25 to 64 years.

Fibrinogen and fibrinolytic variables in relation to anthropometry, lipids and blood pressure. The Northern Sweden MONICA Study.

Fibrinolysis is dependent upon plasminogen activator (tPA) activity while high fibrinogen levels increase the risk of thromboembolic events. From a cross-sectional population sample of 1558 men and women aged 25 to 64 years, plasma fibrinogen, tPA activity and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI) activity were determined using specific assays. Associations with body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), serum lipids and blood pressure were calculated with uni- and multivariate models where age and smoking were also introduced.

Influence of smoking and snuff use on electrolytes, adrenal and calcium regulating hormones.

Little is known about the effects of snuff use on health. We have investigated electrolyte levels, adrenocortical and calcium regulating hormones in three groups of healthy young men, including 18 non-tobacco users, 21 snuff users and 19 smokers with similar age and body mass index. Smoking and snuff use was positively associated with alcohol and coffee consumption and inversely related to physical activity.

Ki-67 as a marker for cell cycle regulation by interferon.

The effects of interferon (IFN) on the expression of the nuclear antigen Ki-67 were studied in the two IFN-sensitive tumour cell lines Daudi and 251 MG, known to be arrested in the cell cycle in separate stages. The GO/G1-arrested Burkitt's lymphoma cell line Daudi displayed an increasing fraction of Ki-67 negative cells with time, concomitant with an increasing proportion of growth arrested cells. A small fraction of Ki-67 positive cells were found mainly arrested in G2/M.

Cardiovascular risk factors in young snuff-users and cigarette smokers.

We studied cardiovascular risk factors in 21 young men who were habitual snuff-users, and compared them with the same risk factors in 18 non-tobacco-users and 19 cigarette smokers of the same age and body mass index. Both snuff-users and smokers showed increased levels of alcohol and coffee consumption and a decreased level of physical exercise compared to non-users. Both groups of tobacco-users showed increased serum insulin levels compared to the control group at similar blood glucose concentrations.