International cooperation in radiology training: A multipronged approach.

Introduction: Medical imaging has undergone significant technical advancements in recent years, posing a considerable challenge for radiologists to stay up-to-date with emerging modalities and their applications in daily practice. This challenge is even more daunting in developing countries with limited resources compared to the US and other developed nations with greater economic assets. The collaboration between the United States and other advanced nations with radiological institutions in Latin America has been a significant achievement in the pursuit of new opportunities for continuous medical education.

Radiologic Clues to Cerebral Venous Thrombosis.

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is uncommon, representing approximately 0.5% of all cases of cerebrovascular disease worldwide. Many factors, alone or combined, can cause CVT.

How clinical imaging can assess cancer biology.

Human cancers represent complex structures, which display substantial inter- and intratumor heterogeneity in their genetic expression and phenotypic features. However, cancers usually exhibit characteristic structural, physiologic, and molecular features and display specific biological capabilities named hallmarks. Many of these tumor traits are imageable through different imaging techniques.

SEOM-SERAM-SEMNIM guidelines on the use of functional and molecular imaging techniques in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Imaging in oncology is an essential tool for patient management but its potential is being profoundly underutilized. Each of the techniques used in the diagnostic process also conveys functional information that can be relevant in treatment decision making. New imaging algorithms and techniques enhance our knowledge about the phenotype of the tumor and its potential response to different therapies.

Advanced Imaging Techniques in Evaluation of Colorectal Cancer.

Imaging techniques are clinical decision-making tools in the evaluation of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this article is to discuss the potential of recent advances in imaging for diagnosis, prognosis, therapy planning, and assessment of response to treatment of CRC. Recent developments and new clinical applications of conventional imaging techniques such as virtual colonoscopy, dual-energy spectral computed tomography, elastography, advanced computing techniques (including volumetric rendering techniques and machine learning), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-based magnetization transfer, and new liver imaging techniques, which may offer additional clinical information in patients with CRC, are summarized.

SEOM-SERAM-SEMNIM guidelines on the use of functional and molecular imaging techniques in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Imaging in oncology is an essential tool for patient management but its potential is being profoundly underutilized. Each of the techniques used in the diagnostic process also conveys functional information that can be relevant in treatment decision-making. New imaging algorithms and techniques enhance our knowledge about the phenotype of the tumor and its potential response to different therapies.

Advanced MR Imaging Techniques for Differentiation of Neuropathic Arthropathy and Osteomyelitis in the Diabetic Foot.

Diagnosis and treatment of foot disease in patients with diabetes is a common clinical-radiologic challenge, particularly the differentiation of neuropathic arthropathy from osteomyelitis. Conventional clinical tests and imaging techniques have limited accuracy for evaluation of the diabetic foot. The introduction of morphologic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in these patients has provided a qualitative leap in diagnosis.

[Multiparametric MRI. The role of MRI techniques in the diagnosis, staging and follow up of prostate cancer].

The current diagnosis of prostate cancer based on PSA values and systematic biopsy has limitations in its efficacy of detection and staging. Technical advances on imaging over the last decade, mainly MRI, enable improvements in the strategy of prostate cancer management in diagnosis, staging, follow up and therapy monitoring. MRI enables the combination of morphological (T2 sequences) and, at the same time, functional information by means of the application of sequences such as spectroscopy (SMRI), diffusion and dynamic intravenous contrast (CMRI) in the same study, giving the multiparametric MRI (mpMRI).

Utility of MRI diffusion techniques in the evaluation of tumors of the head and neck.

The use of diffusion-weighted imaging in the head and neck is an increasingly used technique that requires adaptation of the acquisition parameters. Parallel imaging and emerging techniques such as IVIM are playing a new role. The main indications for performing DWI are tissue characterization, nodal staging and therapy monitoring.

[Imaging techniques for the evaluation of systemic manifestations of vasculitis].

Vasculitides create a local inflammatory process in the vessel wall, which determines the different organic manifestations according to vessel size and location. Imaging techniques play a key role in the characterization and detection of large and medium size vessel vasculitides. Imaging is able to detect the vessel wall edema and to monitor the therapeutic response.

[Imaging studies in cases with painful shoulder].

Painful shoulder is a frequent clinical problem in musculoskeletal pathology. Imaging plays an essential role in the etiologic diagnosis. Simple X-rays are usually the first performed diagnostic test, and on occasion, it is enough to establish a diagnosis.

[Langerhans cell histiocytosis in the central nervous system: meningeal involvement].

The clinical manifestations of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in the central nervous system include not only the classical involvement of the hypothalamus-hypophyseal axis, but also of other anatomic locations, with the corresponding variability of symptoms. We report here two patients with meningeal lesions. In both patients, the onset of the disease was systemic, and neurological symptoms developed some years later.

[Clinical manifestations associated with antiphospholipid antibodies].

The antiphospholipid antibodies are immunoglobulins able to join negative charge phospholipids. The have been related to a great variety of conditions, specially among connective tissue illness although the idiopathic form seems to be the most frequent. Their presence must be ruled out in cases of young patients with stroke, deep veins thrombosis, acute heart attack and woman suffer multiple abortions and foetal death.