Deficits in proactive avoidance and neural responses to drinking motives in problem drinkers.

Physical pain and negative emotions represent two distinct drinking motives that contribute to harmful alcohol use. Proactive avoidance which can reduce problem drinking in response to these motives appears to be impaired in problem drinkers. However, proactive avoidance and its underlying neural deficits have not been assessed experimentally.

The Neural Correlates of Individual Differences in Reinforcement Learning during Pain Avoidance and Reward Seeking.

Organisms learn to gain reward and avoid punishment through action-outcome associations. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a critical framework to understand individual differences in this associative learning by assessing learning rate, action bias, pavlovian factor (i.e.

Decreasing Colectomy Rates in Advanced Adenomas.

Advanced colon adenomas are commonly treated with colectomy, which is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Novel endoscopic resection techniques have been described, including endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal resection (ESR), which demonstrate promise in treating these neoplasms without colectomy. We performed a retrospective review of patients with advanced adenomas who were referred to a colorectal surgeon for evaluation for resection over 4 years.