Cytotoxic Synergy Between Cytokines and NSAIDs Associated With Idiosyncratic Hepatotoxicity Is Driven by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most frequent causes of idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury (IDILI). Mechanisms of IDILI are unknown, but immune responses are suspected to underlie them. In animal models of IDILI, the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) are essential to the pathogenesis.