Novelty facilitates the persistence of aversive memory extinction by dopamine regulation in the hippocampus and ventral tegmental area.

Aversive memory extinction comprises a novel learning that blocks retrieving a previously formed traumatic memory. In this sense, aversive memory extinction is an excellent tool for decreasing fear responses. However, this tool it's not effective in the long term because of original memory spontaneous recovery.

Epidemiology of hydrocephalus in Brazil.

Objective: Describe the epidemiological profile and social-economic burden that hydrocephalus patients represent to the national public health system, using data available at the online database of the Brazilian Health Ministry (DataSUS).

Methods: This is a populational study based on descriptive statistics of all clinical and surgical appointments included in the DataSUS database. Data included herein were collected between 2015 and 2021 and subdivided into three main groups, related to hydrocephalus incidence and mortality, hospitalizations, and financial costs.

Memantine associated with ventricular-subcutaneous shunt promotes behavioral improvement, reduces reactive astrogliosis and cell death in juvenile hydrocephalic rats.

Hydrocephalus is defined as the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles. The usual treatment of hydrocephalus is surgical (shunt), but not all patients can undergo treatment immediately after diagnosis. Thus, neuroprotective measures were tested to minimize the tissue damage involved.

Neuroprotective effects of strength training in a neuroinflammatory animal model.

Background: The preventive role of muscular strength on diminishing neuroinflammation is yet unknown. In this study, the role of the prophylactic muscular strength exercise was investigated in order to verify whether it would diminish cognitive alterations and modify the antioxidant intracellular scenery in an animal neuroinflammatory model in of the CA1 region of the hippocampus.

Methods: The animals received muscular strength training (SE) three times a week for eight weeks.

The association of Edaravone with shunt surgery improves behavioral performance, reduces astrocyte reaction and apoptosis, and promotes neuroprotection in young hydrocephalic rats.

The neuroprotective effect of Edaravone in young hydrocephalic rats associated with a CSF derivation system was evaluated. The drug has already been shown to be beneficial in experimental hydrocephalus, but the combination of this drug with shunt surgery has not yet been investigated. Fifty-seven-day-old Wistar rats submitted to hydrocephalus by injection of kaolin in the cisterna magna were used and divided into five groups: control (n = 10), hydrocephalic (n = 10), hydrocephalic treated with Edaravone (20 mg/kg/day) (n = 10), hydrocephalic treated with shunt (n = 10) and hydrocephalic treated with shunt and Edaravone (n = 10).

Multicomponent Training Prevents Memory Deficit Related to Amyloid-β Protein-Induced Neurotoxicity.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of the amyloid-β peptide in the brain, leading to early oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. It has been suggested that physical exercise could be beneficial in preventing AD, but studies with multicomponent training are scanty.

Objective: Verify the effects of multicomponent exercise training to prevent deficits in recognition memory related to Aβ neurotoxicity.

Radiographic evaluation of dental anomalies in patients with congenital Zika virus syndrome.

Numerous studies have reported abnormalities in the development of oral structures in congenital infections that also involve microcephaly. In this context, it is necessary to identify possible dental anomalies of shape and/or number in patients with Zika virus syndrome using radiography. The study population consisted of 35 children born with congenital ZIKV who underwent intraoral radiographic examinations for 24 consecutive months.

Orthodontic treatment and aesthetic rehabilitation in a patient with Turner syndrome: A case report.

Aims: This case report describes an orthodontic and aesthetic rehabilitation in a patient with Turner syndrome.

Methods And Results: Careful anamnesis was performed to find the patient's medical history. Based on dental casts, radiographies and photographies it was observed alterations in the craniofacial complex, in the occlusion and in the dental morphology.

Student assessment of online tools to foster engagement during the COVID-19 quarantine.

As a result of the installation of the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 19) pandemic, online education has become an important teaching alternative, and new challenges about how to teach were found. Here we report our experience in offering an online course to review Human Physiology. We proposed synchronous and asynchronous activities using different online tools to address topics considered key to understanding the different systems of human physiology.

The Reversal of Memory Deficits in an Alzheimer's Disease Model Using Physical and Cognitive Exercise.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the world, accounting for 50-75% of cases. Currently, there is limited treatment for AD. The current pharmacological therapy minimizes symptom progression but does not reverse brain damage.

Microtomographic analysis of the effect of sodium alendronate on orthodontic movement in rats.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of sodium alendronate on orthodontic tooth movement in rats using microtomographic analysis.

Settings And Sample Population: Thirty male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into three groups of 10 rats and administered saline (control), 1 mg/kg sodium alendronate or 6 mg/kg sodium alendronate, respectively.

Materials And Methods: The drug was administered once per week for 5 weeks by gavage.

Adverse drug events and the associated factors in patients with chronic Chagas disease.

Introduction: Herein, we aimed to identify the factors associated with adverse drug events (ADEs) in chronic Chagas disease (CD) patients.

Methods: We analyzed 320 medical notes from 295 patients. The Naranjo algorithm was applied to determine the cause of ADEs.

Internal configuration of maxillary molars in a subpopulation of Brazil's Northeast region: A CBCT analysis.

The present study aimed to evaluate the internal configuration of the maxillary molars of a population from the Northeast region of Brazil. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) exams from 512 patients (1501 teeth) were evaluated regarding the anatomical configuration of the root canal system, according to Vertucci's classification. The images were obtained using a Prexion 3D scanner operating at 90 kVp and 4 mA.

Acupuncture at ST36 exerts neuroprotective effects via inhibition of reactive astrogliosis in infantile rats with hydrocephalus.

Background: Acupuncture has been associated with improved cerebral circulation, analgesia, neuromodulatory function and neurogenesis. In particular, acupuncture at ST36 has been widely used in several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. However, its effects on hydrocephalus have not been studied.

Validation of a New Minimally Invasive Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Method by Direct Comparison with an Invasive Technique.

In this chapter we present in vivo experiments with a new minimally invasive method of monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP). Strain gauge deformation sensors are externally glued onto the exposed skull. The signal from these sensors is amplified, filtered, and sent to a computer with appropriate software for analysis and data storage.

Camellia sinensis neuroprotective role in experimentally induced hydrocephalus in Wistar rats.

Purpose: This study tested possible neuroprotective effects of Camellia sinensis-extracted polyphenols in experimental hydrocephalus in young rats.

Methods: Seven-day-old Wistar rats were used in this study. Pups were subjected to hydrocephalus induction by 20 % kaolin intracisternal injection.

Morphological and morphometric analysis of the hippocampus in Wistar rats with experimental hydrocephalus.

Background: The present study aims at better establishing the alterations caused by the usual enlargement of brain ventricles in this structure.

Methods: Hydrocephalus was induced in 7-day-old Wistar rats by the injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna. Morphological studies were performed on the hippocampus 7, 14 and 21 days after injection.

Sciatic nerve regeneration in rats by a nerve conduit engineering with a membrane derived from natural latex.

Purpose: To evaluate the capacity of natural latex membrane to accelerate and improve the regeneration quality of the of rat sciatic nerves.

Methods: Forty male adult Wistar rats were used, anesthetized and operated to cut the sciatic nerve and receive an autograft or a conduit made with a membrane derived from natural latex (Hevea brasiliensis). Four or eight weeks after surgery, to investigate motor nerve recovery, we analyzed the neurological function by walking pattern (footprints analysis and computerized treadmill), electrophysiological evaluation and histological analysis of regenerated nerve (autologous nerve graft or tissue cables between the nerve stumps), and anterior tibial and gastrocnemius muscles.

0.1T magnetic resonance image in the study of experimental hydrocephalus in rats. Accuracy of the method in the measurements of the ventricular size.

Purpose: To investigate the accuracy of 1.0T Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to measure the ventricular size in experimental hydrocephalus in pup rats.

Methods: Wistar rats were subjected to hydrocephalus by intracisternal injection of 20% kaolin (n=13).

Changes caused by hydrocephalus, induced by kaolin, in the corpus callosum of adult dogs.

Purpose: To analyze the ventricular enlargement and myelination of the corpus callosum in adult dogs after four and eight weeks of kaolin-induction of hydrocephalus.

Methods: 36 dogs were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1 - without hydrocephalus, 2 - kaolin-induction of hydrocephalus until the fourth week, and 3 - kaolin-induction of hydrocephalus until the eighth week. Ventricular ratios and volumes were calculated using magnetic resonance images, and myelination of the corpus callosum were histologically evaluated using solocromo-cianin stain.

Hysterothylacium larvae (Nematoda, Anisakidae) in the freshwater mussel Diplodon suavidicus (Lea, 1856) (Mollusca, Unioniformes, Hyriidae) in Aripuanã River, Amazon, Brazil.

Larvae of Hysterothylacium use various invertebrates as intermediate hosts. Definite hosts include fish, birds, reptiles or marine mammals. This study describes the occurrence of Hysterothylacium (Nematoda, Anisakidae) larvae parasitizing the pericardic cavity of Diplodon suavidicus (Unioniformes, Hyriidae) specimens collected in the Amazon basin, Brazil.

Stress patterns on implants in prostheses supported by four or six implants: a three-dimensional finite element analysis.

Purpose: Using the three-dimensional finite element method (FEM), this study compared the biomechanical behavior of the "All-on-Four" system with that of a six-implant-supported maxillary prosthesis with tilted distal implants. The von Mises stresses induced on the implants under different loading simulations were localized and quantified.

Materials And Methods: Three-dimensional models representing maxillae restored with an "All-on-Four" and with a six-implant-supported prosthesis were developed in three-dimensional design software and then transferred into FEM software.

Characterization of juvenile and young adult mice following induction of hydrocephalus with kaolin.

Hydrocephalus is a common neurological problem in humans, usually caused by an impairment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow or absorption. A reliable induced model of chronic hydrocephalus in mice would be useful to test hypotheses using genetic mutants. Our goal was to characterize behavioral and histological changes in juvenile and young adult mice with kaolin (aluminum silicate)-induced hydrocephalus.

Biochemical evaluation of focal non-reperfusion cerebral ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Cerebral ischemia is an important event in clinical and surgical neurological practice since it is one of the diseases that most compromise the human species. In the present study 40 adult rats were submitted to periods of focal ischemia of 30, 60 and 90 min without reperfusion and animals submitted to a sham procedure were used as controls. We analyzed the levels of ATP, malondialdehyde and caspase-3.