Three-Dimensional Endoscopic Photography of Anatomic Specimens.

Background/objective: Three-dimensional images have become an important tool in understanding surgical anatomy. This paper describes a simple method for obtaining endoscopic 3-dimensional anatomic images for teaching purposes.

Methods: This method uses a single endoscope that provides regular, two-dimensional images.

Usefulness of the contralateral Omega sign for the topographic location of lesions in and around the central sulcus.

Background: The central sulcus may be located through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by identifying the ipsilateral inverted Omega shape. In a brain with a lesion in this area, its identification becomes a hard task irrespective of the technique applied. The aim of this study is to show the usefulness of the contralateral Omega sign for the location of tumors in and around the central sulcus.

Endoscopic-assisted lateral transatlantal approach to craniovertebral junction.

Background: The lateral approach to the craniocervical junction is directed along the atlantal and occipital condyles to the dens. The advantages of the lateral approach compared with the anterior transoral and transnasal approaches are that it provides a sterile field, and anterior decompression and postdecompression fixation can be performed in one procedure.

Objective: To examine the usefulness of endoscopy as an auxiliary tool during lateral transatlantal odontoidectomy.