Which Knots Are Recommended in Laparoscopic Surgery and How to Avoid Insecure Knots.

Study Objective: To investigate why security of identical knot sequences is variable and how to avoid occasionally insecure knots.

Design: A factorial design was used to assess factors affecting the security of half knot (H) and half-hitch (S) knot combinations. The effect of tying forces and the risk factors to transform H knots into S knots were investigated.

Surgical treatment of testicular tumor and its difficult management with indigenous patient.

Case description of a male patient, 27 years old, native Brazilian, indigenous, deaf, with a significant growth of left testicle, painless, with infiltrations, insidious beginning and two years of evolution because of the difficulty of monitoring this type of population. Presented high serum level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), up to 20 times higher than the maximum reference value. Ultrasound of the testis showed a complex mass on the left testicle, not being able to give an estimate of the volume.

Surgical Principles for Disc Resection of Deep Bowel Endometriosis.

Objective: Colorectal involvement represents 90% of bowel endometriosis. The best surgical approach must consider the patient's clinical symptoms, preoperative imaging, and correlation with surgical findings. For patients with severe pain who either have failed medical treatment or contraindications to hormonal treatment and have a single bowel lesion <3 cm that involves the inner muscularis, disc resection is the preferred approach to treat bowel endometriosis [1,2].

What is the Best Surgeon's Knot? Evaluation of the Security of the Different Laparoscopic Knot Combinations.

Study Objective: To investigate the security of various knot combinations in laparoscopic surgery.

Design: Prospective nonrandomized trial (Canadian Task Force classification II).

Setting: Storz Training Centre, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Different Blocking Sequences Performed by Laparoscopy.

Study Objective: To demonstrate the application of different knot blocking sequences in laparoscopic surgery.

Design: A step-by-step demonstration of different blocking sequences performed by laparoscopic surgery (Canadian Task Force classification III).

Setting: Private hospital in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

Ten Principles for Safe Surgical Treatment of Ovarian Endometriosis.

Study Objective: To show a step-by-step laparoscopic approach for excision of an ovarian endometrioma following surgical principles for safety and maximal preservation of ovarian function.

Design: Video. Medical management of ovarian endometriomas is not recommended.

Disc resection is the first option in the management of rectal endometriosis for unifocal lesions with less than 3 centimeters of longitudinal diameter.

Rectosigmoid endometriosis is one of the most advanced forms of the disease affecting 3% to 37% of patients with endometriosis. Some patients are asymptomatic but others can develop severe symptoms such as abdominal and pelvic pain, diarrhea, constipation, and rectal bleeding. Transvaginal ultrasonography (USG-TV) with bowel preparation is the first-line investigation in patients with suspected bowel endometriosis and allows accurate determination of the presence of the disease.

CD4(+) CD25(high) Foxp3(+) cells increased in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis.

Problem: To evaluate CD4(+) CD25(high) Foxp3(+) cells and IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and TGF-β in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis.

Method Of Study: A total of ninety-eight patients were studied: endometriosis (n = 70) and control (n = 28). First, peritoneal fluid lymphocytes were isolated, and CD4(+) CD25(high) cells were identified using flow cytometry.

Oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with endometriosis: systematic review.

Purpose: Since the first description about oxygen toxicity made by Joseph Priestley, the oxidative stress has been enrolled as a key factor in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Our aim was to review oxidative stress biomarkers measured in patients with endometriosis.

Methods: Relevant studies were identified by searches of the MEDLINE database from 1990 to March 2011 using endometriosis, free radical and oxidative stress as mesh terms.