Local allergic rhinitis: considerations.

The term "local allergic rhinitis" has gained popularity as a clinical entity in recent years. Despite the apparent contradiction in the definitions of "nasal" and "local," we offer insights based on our extensive experience in the field. Local allergic rhinitis has been recognized and treated for many years, so it is not a new discovery.

Rhinosinusitis: clinical-based phenotyping.

Rhinosinusitis (RS) is a common disease and is currently classified into two main types: acute RS (ARS) and chronic RS (CRS), which in turn includes CRS with or without nasal polyps. Different guidelines consider this classification. However, in clinical practice, other phenotypes exist.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo- -controlled study to investigate the use of bacteriophages in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Background A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study investigated the use of bacteriophages in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Materials and Methods 40 adult patients with сhronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps were examined. All patients underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

HMGB1-antagonism exerted by glycyrrhizin could be fruitful against COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic era is causing a relevant issue for the health. There is no specific drug able to antagonize the SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a consequence, there is growing interest about potential molecules able to contrast infection.

HMGB1 in nasal inflammatory diseases: a reappraisal 30 years after its discovery.

Introduction: High mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1) is a protein belonging to the alarmin family. HMGB1 has a relevant role in starting the inflammatory cascade by means of receptors, such as RAGE and TLR. HMGB1 supports transcription of many genes in interactions with many transcription factors, including NF-kB.

A comparison between mometasone furoate nasal spray and intranasal glycyrrhetic acid in patients with allergic rhinitis: a preliminary study in clinical practice.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is caused by an IgE-mediated inflammatory reaction consequent to the exposure to the causal allergen. Glycyrrhetic acid (GlyAc) is a natural compound extracted from the liquorice that exerts anti-inflammatory activity. This real-life study compared intranasal GlyAc, present in a medical device containing also glycerol and mannitol, with mometasone furoate nasal spray (MFNS) in 50 adult outpatients with AR.

The impact of allergic rhinitis in clinical practice: an Italian Survey.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a very common disorder. The current Survey was conducted on a sample of about 5,000 adult subjects in 5 Italian cities. A questionnaire, containing 15 questions, was administered on the road.

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis: the role of personalized and integrated medicine.

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is a frequent disorder. From a clinical and an immunopathological point of view, different phenotypes and endotypes have been identified. The frequent comorbidity with asthma allowed to pave the way to the use of biological agents for the treatment of CRSwNP.

Preventive nasal bacteriotherapy for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections and sleep disordered breathing in children.

Objectives: The purpose of this prospective study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of Streptococcus salivarius 24SMBc administered as a nasal spray in children affected by recurring infections of the upper airways, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and sleep disordered breathing (SDB).

Methods: Prospective study on 42 children with SDB. Anamnestic and general examination data were collected using the 'Sleep Clinical Record' (SCR) questionnaire during the first inspection and after three months of treatment with Streptococcus salivarius 24SMBc nasal spray.

Nasal Muco-ciliary transport time alteration: efficacy of 18 B Glycyrrhetinic acid.

Background: Mucociliary clearance is the main self-clearing system of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.This is a very important means of non specific defence against continuous organic and inorganic contamination conveyed by air. It works by trapping particles and microorganisms in the mucus and then by transporting the mucous film to the pharynx where it is eliminated with a cough or swallowed.

Radon-enriched hot spring water therapy for upper and lower respiratory tract inflammation.

Background Radon-222-enriched hot spring therapy, which is characterized by a safe level of radioactivity, is used for the treatment of rheumatic disorders, and its efficacy has already been studied in several clinical trials. Radon-water inhalation therapy for the treatment of upper and lower airway inflammatory diseases is used in many hot springs centers. However, its application has not been reviewed to date.

Clinical efficacy of immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis.

Background: Aeroallergen immunotherapy (AIT) should be considered for patients who exhibit symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR), rhinoconjunctivitis, and/or asthma after natural exposure to allergens and who also demonstrate specific immunoglobulin E antibodies against relevant allergens.

Methods: In this paper, clinical efficacy of immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis is reviewed.

Result: Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) is effective for seasonal and perennial AR.

HMGB1 in the Pathogenesis of Nasal Inflammatory Diseases and its Inhibition as New Therapeutic Approach: A Review from the Literature.

 This study is a systematic review on recent developments about the importance of HMGB1 protein in the pathogenesis of rhino-sinusal inflammatory diseases. We also report data on the use of 18-β-glycyrrhetic acid (GA), which has been shown able to inhibit the pro-inflammatory activities of HMGB1, in young patients affected by allergic rhinitis and complaining of nasal obstruction as main symptom.  The objective of this study was to review the literature to demonstrate the importance of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of nasal inflammatory disorders and understand whether the inhibition of this protein may be an efficacious and innovative therapeutic strategy for patients with rhino-sinusal inflammation.

High-mobility group box protein 1 expression in inflammatory diseases of the middle ear.

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear non-histone protein, playing a critical role as a mediator between innate and acquired immunity; when released extracellularly, it coordinates the cellular stress response (under necrosis, bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulation) and acts as an inflammatory marker and cytokine. The aim of the study was to demonstrate whether HMGB1 is over-expressed in chronic middle-ear pathologies and whether the entity of expression and the localization are correlated with the degree of the inflammatory reaction, thus suggesting that HMGB1 may play a crucial role in chronic inflammatory disorders of the middle ear, as already demonstrated in other airway diseases. We analyzed 30 samples of middle-ear mucosa in patients affected by chronic suppurative otitis media with ear drum perforation with/without cholesteatoma and otosclerosis as control.

Surgical treatment of nasal septal perforations: SIR (Italian Society of Rhinology) experts opinion.

Background And Aim: The aim of our study has been to investigate the perception of aspects related to nasal perforation among experts in Rhinology and ENT surgeons. Our aim was reporting the situations in different Countries to improve the knowledge of colleagues interested in this topic.

Methods: A panel of experts prepared a 20-question questionnaire regarding nasal perforations and their surgical repair, that were emailed to all the members of SIR (Società Italiana di Rnologia - Italian Society of Rhinology).

Radioactive Merano SPA Treatment for Allergic Rhinitis Therapy.

Allergic rhinitis is a common nasal disorder with a high impact on quality of life, high social costs in therapies, and a natural development towards asthma. Pharmacological therapy is based on several genres of medications, of which intranasal corticosteroids are currently the most widespread. Thermal water treatment has traditionally been used as adjunctive treatment for chronic rhinitis and sinusitis.

Clinical efficacy of immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis.

Background: Aeroallergen immunotherapy (AIT) should be considered for patients who exhibit symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR), rhinoconjunctivitis, and/or asthma after natural exposure to allergens and who also demonstrate specific immunoglobulin E antibodies against relevant allergens.

Methods: In this paper, clinical efficacy of immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis is reviewed.

Result: Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) is effective for seasonal and perennial AR.

Mometasone furoate nasal spray: a systematic review.

Unlabelled: The inflammatory diseases of the nose, rhino-pharynx and paranasal sinuses (allergic and non allergic rhinitis, NARES; rhinosinusitis with/without nasal polyposis, adenoidal hypertrophy with/without middle ear involvement) clinically manifest themselves with symptoms and complications severely affecting quality of life and health care expenditure. Intranasal administration of corticosteroids, being fast, simple, and not requiring cooperation, is the preferred way to treat the patients, to optimize their quality of life, at the same time minimizing the risk of exacerbations and complications. Among the different topical steroids available on the market, we performed a comparative analysis in terms of effectiveness and safety between mometasone furoate (MF) and its main competitors.

Septoplasty in children.

Objectives: Physicians have long had concerns about the potential harmful effects of pediatric septoplasties on the nasoseptal growth process because septal cartilage is important for the growth and development of the face.

Methods: In this review article, pediatric septoplasty and its indications are discussed, together with a literature survey. In addition, overviews of development of the nasal skeleton from neonate to adult, nasal growth, and cartilaginous septum are presented.

Rhinosinusal Inflammation and High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein: A New Target for Therapy.

Background/aims: High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a protein belonging to the class of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules, which activates innate immunity and powerful inflammatory factors. The aim of this review is to show the importance of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of nasal inflammatory diseases and to suggest that inhibition of HMGB1 may be an innovative therapeutic target.

Methods: We used immunohistochemistry to study whether HMGB1 increases in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and whether its expression is associated with eosinophils and inflammatory cytokines.

Role of prulifloxacin in the treatment of acute rhinosinusitis.

Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) is a very common/disease faced more often by general practitioners than ear, nose and throat specialists, pneumologists or allergologists. In an outpatients setting, upper respiratory tract infection is the third most common cause of a primary care consultation, one third of which is attributable to ARS, diagnosed upon clinical presentation. In some cases however, signs and symptoms do not allow clear differentiation from viral, post-viral or bacterial infection.

Effects of a Mask on Breathing Impairment During a Fencing Assault: A Case Series Study.

Background: Fencers often complain of progressive difficulty in breathing during matches, which is generally attributed to restricted air, light and heat circulation from wearing a mask. Physiologically, the nasal structure generates airflow resistance that can reach -50% of the total respiratory resistance.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the presence of nasal obstruction in fencers and the relationship with the use of mask.

Changes in ghrelin, leptin and pro-inflammatory cytokines after therapy in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) patients.

Introduction: The correlations between the levels of cytokines, apnea, and obesity are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep apnea, body mass index (BMI) and plasma levels of leptin, ghrelin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).

Materials And Methods: Levels of leptin, ghrelin, IL-6, and TNF-α were compared in 20 obese (BMI > 30 kg/m²) and 6 non-obese patients (BMI < 27 kg/m²) with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS), and in 13 obese and 11 non-obese control subjects without OSAS.