Randomized Controlled Trial of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockade in Children with Chronic Kidney Allograft Nephropathy.

Background And Objectives: We showed that mineralocorticoid receptor blockade (MRB) prevented acute and chronic cyclosporine nephropathy (CsA-Nx) in the rat. The aim of this translational study was to investigate the effect of long-term eplerenone administration on renal allograft function in children with biopsy-proven chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN).

Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: Renal transplant children <18 years, biopsy-proven CAN, and a GFR>40 ml/min per 1.

Are Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics Affected by Nephrotic Stage?

Background: Although tacrolimus therapy is not the first-line therapy for childhood nephrotic syndrome, it is often used instead of cyclosporine to ameliorate the side effects. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of tacrolimus (Tac) can be influenced by many conditions, and it has a high plasma protein binding. The Tac PK during relapse and remission of childhood nephrotic syndrome has not been well described.

[Long term follow up of a patient with type I vitamin D-dependent rickets].

Background: Vitamin D dependent rickets type I is a rare hereditary disease due to a mutation in CYP27B1 encoding the 1α-hydroxylase gene. Clinically, the condition is characterized by hypocalcemic rickets in early infancy due to a deficit in the production of the vitamin D active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D.

Case Report: We report the case of a patient diagnosed at 11 months with follow-up until 9 years of age.

[Prevalence of kidney disease in asymptomatic children with family history of renal replacement therapy].

Background: Having a first- or second-degree relative with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been reported as a risk factor for CKD development. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of CKD in children with a first- or second-degree relative undergoing renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis or renal transplant).

Methods: A screening study was performed in asymptomatic children with a family history of CKD in a first- or second-degree relative undergoing renal replacement therapy.

Post-renal transplant erythrocytosis: a case report.

PTE is defined as hematocrit >51% or hemoglobin >17 g/dL after renal transplantation. Risk factors include native kidneys with adequate erythropoiesis pretransplant, smoking, renal artery stenosis, and cyclosporine treatment. We report the case of a 14-yr-old female kidney transplant patient, with triple therapy immunosuppression and stable graft function who developed PTE at 12 months post-transplant with hemoglobin 17.

Urinary MCP-1/creatinine in Henoch-Schönlein purpura and its relationship with nephritis.

Background: Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) plays a direct role in the infiltration of macrophages and monocytes during the early stages of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) nephritis. The aim of this study was to compare the urinary MCP-1/creatinine levels in children with and without HSP nephritis and determine if they are associated with the severity of renal lesions.

Methods: We included 77 patients with HSP and 25 healthy control children.

[Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus].

The anti-diuretic hormone arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is released from the pituitary and regulates water reabsorption in the principal cells of the kidney collecting duct. Binding of AVP to the arginine-vasopressin receptor type-2 in the basolateral membrane leads to translocation of aquaporin-2 water channels to the apical membrane of the principal cells of the collecting duct, inducing water permeability of the membrane. This results in water reabsorption in the collecting duct of the nephron following an osmotic gradient.

[Treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children].

The annual incidence of the nephrotic syndrome has been estimated to be 1-3 per 100,000 children<16 year of age. In children, the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome is idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). INS is defined by the presence of proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia and by definition is a primary disease.

[Nutcracker syndrome: Cause of non-glomerular hematuria and massive proteinuria].

Background: Nutcracker syndrome caused by compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and superior mesenteric artery is a non-glomerular cause of left renal bleeding and left varicocele. It has also been recognized to be an important cause of orthostatic proteinuria.

Case Report: A 17-year-old male was evaluated due to recurrent macroscopic hematuria.

[Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis related to BK virus in a child with nephrotic syndrome. A case report].

Background: focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is observed in about 10 % of children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome; this disorder is usually resistant to corticoid therapy. In the last few years, five histological types of FSGS have been recognized; the collapsing nephropathy type is characterized by a rapid evolution to chronic renal failure.

Clinical Case: a four-year-old boy presented with an irrelevant past history; eight months before admission he developed idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and obesity in renal transplanted Mexican children.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of MS and obesity in Mexican children with more than one yr post-renal transplantation. Thirty-two children transplanted between January 2004 and February 2006 were included in the study. The weight and height at the time of renal transplant were obtained.