[Ebstein's "like" anomaly ventricular double inlet. A rare association].

Introduction And Objectives: The association of univentricular heart with double inlet and Ebstein's "like" anomaly of the common atrioventricular valve is extremely rare.

Methods: Two hearts with this association are described with the segmental sequential system which determine the atrial situs, the types of atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections and associated anomalies.

Results: Both hearts had atrial situs solitus, and a univentricular heart with common atrioventricular valve, a foramen primum and double outlet ventricle with normal crossed great arteries.

[Scimitar syndrome. Correlation anatomo-embryological].

Objectives: To describe morphologically a toracoabdominal visceral block of a scimitar's syndrome case. We propose a pathogenetic theory wich explains the development of the pulmonary venous connection in this syndrome.

Method: The anatomic specimen was described with the segmental sequential system.

Prevalence of Congenital Heart Disease and Pulmonary Hypertension in Down's Syndrome: An Echocardiographic Study.

Background: Down's syndrome (DS) is a genetic anomaly, which undergoes increased morbidity and mortality when associated with congenital heart disease (CHD). The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of CHD and pulmonary hypertension (PH) in DS.

Methods: One hundred twenty-seven patients with DS living in Mexico City were evaluated by physical exam, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram.

[Atrioventricular defect with 2 valves associated with absence of the pericardium. Report of a case].

We present a case of a patient with a cardiac malformation that represents a form of embryo-anatomical transition of an atrioventricular septal defect between a 2 valves form to a common valve form. This entity was associated with pericardium absence. Throughout several studies we have precisely established a diagnostic sequence by determining the adequate contribution of each method and we have been able to clear out the proper nomenclature of the atrioventricular cushion defect.

[Double outlet right ventricle. Embryological approach].

Objective: It is proposed a pathogenetic explanation that explains the morphogenesis of the anatomic variants of double outlet right ventricle.

Method: An anatomic embryological correlation was made in which the plane separating the outlets and great arteries in the types of this cardiopathy was compared with the normal truncoconal septum in the embryonic heart. Thirty five hearts with double outlet right ventricle were described, fifteen with great arteries slightly crossed, ten with side by side great arteries and ten with anterior aorta and posterior pulmonary artery.

[Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia. Morphopathology and surgical anatomy].

The morphopathology of tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia is detailed as a spectrum of variations which is the foundation to highlight the surgical anatomy of this cardiopathy and it is the embryological basis which determines its structure. Thirty five hearts were studied with the methodology of the segmental sequential system. The atrial situs, the connections between the cardiac chambers and between the right ventricle and the arterial pulmonary vasculature were determined.

Anatomic diagnosis of congenital heart disease. A practical approach based on the sequentiality principle.

Based on the sequentiality principle, this review proposes a practical method that allows the systematization of the anatomic diagnosis of congenital heart disease. We emphasize the need to use sequential connection between the different cardiac segments: atria, ventricles and great arteries. Five ordered steps are defined, which include determination of atrial situs and of the connection features between the ventricles and the great arteries.

[Uhl's anomaly. A case report with anatomoechocardiographic correlation].

Unlabelled: Uhl's anomaly is an uncommon malformation of the right ventricle, which is characterized by the absence of the myocardium in the right ventricular free wall, while the tricuspid and pulmonary valves are morphologically normal. The aim of this work was to present a clinical case of a patient with Uhl's anomaly, to describe the echocardiographic findings and to perform an anatomoechocardiographic correlation with a corresponding specimen. This is a case report of a 33 year old man with suspicion of atrial septal defect, who was in functional class II of the NYHA and presented signs of right ventricular failure.

Isolated Ebstein's anomaly of mitral valve in an adult patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.

We present a rare case of isolated Ebstein's mitral valve anomaly, associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in an adult patient. We establish a correlation between the echocardiographic image of the patient and an anatomically equivalent heart.

[Anatomic support in the echocardiographic diagnosis of right atrioventricular connection].

Objective: To show the close relationship between the anatomic features and the echocardiographic image in the absence of right atrioventricular connection.

Material And Method: Echocardiographic study of a patient with right atrioventricular connection and a corresponding anatomic specimen from the Museum of Embryology of the INC "lgnacio Chávez".

Results: A close correlation between an anatomic specimen with absence of right atrioventricular connection and an echocardiographic image of a patient with the same cardiopathy was established.

Echocardiographic segmental analysis in patients with an atrioventricular criss-cross.

The aim of this study was to describe the echocardiographic characteristics of patients with an atrioventricular criss-cross who underwent segmental cardiac morphological analysis. The study involved five patients with a criss-cross heart (0.6% of the studies).

[Ebstein's anomaly and interventricular communication, a rare association].

The Ebstein's anomaly is a malformation of the tricuspid valve, in which the septal and posterior leaflets are attached to the wall of the right ventricle. The usual association is with an atrial septal defect, followed by pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary atresia; the ventricular septal defect is unusual. We present three cases with diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly and ventricular septal defect.

Survival and prognostic factors in patients with an absent atrioventricular connection.

Introduction And Objectives: To identify anatomical and functional characteristics associated with survival in adult patients with an absent atrioventricular connection and to highlight the diagnostic importance of echocardiography.

Methods: The clinical histories and echocardiographic and hemodynamic test results of 24 patients were recorded.

Results: Some 87.

[Anomalous pulmonary venous connection].

An anatomical-embryological correlation of anomalous venous pulmonary connection is presented to gain an insight of its pathogenesis. The basic publications on embryonic development of the pulmonary veins were analyzed in its two stages: the primary connection of these veins (collectors) with the embryonic systemic veins from which the definitive veins arise. These channels normally disappear once the pulmonary veins sinus is connected with the roof of the left atrium (secondary definitive connection); when the latter does not exist, any of the primitive channels persist and originates the anatomic sites of the anomalous venous pulmonary connection.

[Common truncus arteriosus in adults].

The purpose of this study is to describe the factors that allow for the survival of patients with persistent truncus arteriosus until adult life and cared for at the National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez". From May 2003 to June 2007, six adult patients with clinical suspicion of truncus arteriosus were studied. All patients were subjected to clinical history, electrocardiogram of twelve leads, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterism.

Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography of the atrial septal defects.

Transesophageal echocardiography has advantages over transthoracic technique in defining morphology of atrial structures. Even though real time three-dimensional echocardiographic imaging is a reality, the off-line reconstruction technique usually allows to obtain higher spatial resolution images. The purpose of this study was to explore the accuracy of off-line three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in a spectrum of atrial septal defects by comparing them with representative anatomic specimens.

[Anatomic spectrum between complete and partial atrioventricular septal defect. Two and three-dimensional echocardiography approach].

Introduction: It has been postulated that there is a morphogenetic relation between the atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) type A of Rastelli and the type of two separated orifices, this so called partial forms, existent between both types a spectrum of anatomical forms in which interchordal spaces determinate the ventricular septal defects (VSD) size to forms in which the VSD is closed by fusion of the left septal valves to the crest of ventricular septum.

Methods: We present five patients which illustrates the variability of the atrioventricular defect by means of two dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiography. In each case was made a transesophagic echocardiogram using three-dimensional reconstruction with an Echo-Scan system (4.

[Atrioventricular septal defect. Anatomopathologic study and embryological correlation].

Atrioventricular septal defect is a complex congenital heart disease in which cardiac septation is deficient especially at atrioventricular and ventricular levels. The anatomopathologic experience at the National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez" is described; an anatomo-embryological correlation was made to gain an insight of the pathogenesis. Seventy hearts were analyzed morphologically with the sequential segmentary system.

Understanding atrioventricular septal defect: anatomoechocardiographic correlation.

Objective: Correlate the anatomic features of atrioventricular septal defect with echocardiographic images.

Materials And Methods: Sixty specimen hearts were studied by sequential segmental analysis. Echocardiograms were performed on 34 patients.

Understanding left ventricular outflow obstruction: anatomoechocardiographic correlation.

Objective: Echocardiography is a valuable noninvasive technique for identifying the site and type of obstruction in the left ventricular outflow tract. Knowledge of the morphological details of each type of obstruction is the basis for correct interpretation of the diagnostic images and clinical decisions.

Methods: This study was undertaken to provide improved understanding of the anatomy of left ventricular outflow obstruction with corresponding side-by-side echocardiographic images.

[Hypoplastic left ventricle syndrome. Report of a case in an adult woman].

Patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome without surgery dye during the first year of life. In the literature there is only one report from our institution of a patient who survived to the second decade of life without surgery. The purpose of this work is to describe a case of a 24 years old female with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, who has survived until now in functional class I of New York Heart Association without surgery.