A narrative review of chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 and their role in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe form of acute respiratory failure characterised by extensive inflammatory injury to the alveolocapillary barrier leading to alveolar oedema, impaired gas exchange and, ultimately, hypoxaemia necessitating the use of supplemental oxygen combined with some degree of positive airway pressure. Although much heterogeneity exists regarding the aetiology, localisation and endotypic characterisation of ARDS, what remains largely undisputed is the role of the innate immune system, and in particular of neutrophils, in precipitating and propagating lung injury. Activated neutrophils, recruited to the lung through chemokine gradients, promote injury by releasing oxidants, proteases and neutrophil extracellular traps, which ultimately cause platelet aggregation, microvascular thrombosis and cellular death.

Causes of Death Among Medical ICU Patients With Pneumonia Due to COVID-19 in a Safety-Net Hospital.

Unlabelled: We sought to identify the primary causes of death of adult patients admitted to the medical ICU with symptomatic COVID-19 who ultimately suffered in-hospital mortality over the span of three major waves of COVID-19: Wild-type, alpha/epsilon, and delta.

Design: Retrospective single-center cohort study from March 2020 to December 2021.

Setting: One medical ICU in a 600-bed Tertiary Care Hospital in Los Angeles, CA.

Establishing a Cohort and a Biorepository to Identify Biomarkers for Early Detection of Lung Cancer: The Nashville Lung Cancer Screening Trial Cohort.

A prospective longitudinal cohort of individuals at high risk of developing lung cancer was established to build a biorepository of carefully annotated biological specimens and low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) chest images for derivation and validation of candidate biomarkers for early detection of lung cancer. The goal of this study is to characterize individuals with high risk for lung cancer, accumulating valuable biospecimens and LDCT chest scans longitudinally over 5 years. Participants 55-80 years of age with a 5-year estimated risk of developing lung cancer >1.

Six-minute walk distance in healthy young adults.

Background: The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a commonly used clinical assessment of exercise capacity in patients with cardiopulmonary or neuromuscular disease, but normal values are lacking for young adults, who are frequent subjects of testing.

Methods: In a two-center study, 272 young adults, ages 18-50, underwent American Thoracic Society protocolized 6-min walk testing, and 56 underwent repeat testing. A linear regression model was developed based on anthropomorphic data.

Effect of intraoperative paravertebral or intravenous lidocaine versus control during lung resection surgery on postoperative complications: A randomized controlled trial.

Background: Use of minimally invasive surgical techniques for lung resection surgery (LRS), such as video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS), has increased in recent years. However, there is little information about the best anesthetic technique in this context. This surgical approach is associated with a lower intensity of postoperative pain, and its use has been proposed in programs for enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS).

Pathologic Difference between Sepsis and Bloodstream Infections.

Background: Sepsis, defined as life-threatening organ failure caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Understanding the features that distinguish sepsis from bloodstream infections (and other types of infection) can help clinicians appropriately and efficiently target their diagnostic workup and therapeutic interventions, especially early in the disease course.

Content: In this review, sepsis and bloodstream infections are both defined, with a focus on recent changes in the sepsis definition.

Factors associated with recurrence and mortality in central line-associated bloodstream infections: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are associated with increased mortality, hospital length of stay, and cost. Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for CLABSIs are primarily based on expert opinion. We hypothesized that shorter antimicrobial treatment duration is associated with decreased 60-day recurrence-free survival.

Effects of Intraoperative Infusion of Esmolol on Systemic and Pulmonary Inflammation in a Porcine Experimental Model of Lung Resection Surgery.

Background: Lung resection surgery (LRS) is associated with systemic and pulmonary inflammation, which can affect postoperative outcomes. Activation of β-adrenergic receptors increases the expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, and their blockade may attenuate the systemic inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a continuous perioperative intravenous perfusion of esmolol on postoperative pulmonary edema in an experimental model of LRS requiring periods of one-lung ventilation (OLV).

Validation of a Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score using Electronic Health Record Data.

The sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score is a scoring system commonly used in critical care to assess severity of illness. Automated calculation of the SOFA score using existing electronic health record data would broaden its applicability. We performed a manual validation of an automated SOFA score previously developed at our institution.

Chemokine Involvement in Lung Injury Secondary to Ischaemia/Reperfusion.

Introduction: During transplant surgeries, the lung experiences an ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced damage identified as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. However, the mechanisms by which I/R induces leucocyte accumulation and subsequent tissue damage in lung surgeries remain unknown. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the role of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) in leucocyte chemotaxis related to lung injury secondary to I/R.

Randomized Trial of Apneic Oxygenation during Endotracheal Intubation of the Critically Ill.

Rationale: Hypoxemia is common during endotracheal intubation of critically ill patients and may predispose to cardiac arrest and death. Administration of supplemental oxygen during laryngoscopy (apneic oxygenation) may prevent hypoxemia.

Objectives: To determine if apneic oxygenation increases the lowest arterial oxygen saturation experienced by patients undergoing endotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit.

Sevoflurane prevents liver inflammatory response induced by lung ischemia-reperfusion.

Background: Transplants cause ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury that can affect distant organs. Liver is particularly sensitive to IR injury. The present randomized experimental study was designed to investigate a possible protective effect of sevoflurane against liver inflammatory response to lung IR in a lung upper lobe left autotransplant model.

Ischaemic preconditioning prevents the liver inflammatory response to lung ischaemia/reperfusion in a swine lung autotransplant model.

Objectives: Lung ischaemia/reperfusion (IR) induces a systemic inflammatory response that causes damage to remote organs. The liver is particularly sensitive to circulating inflammatory mediators that occur after IR of remote organs. Recently, remote ischaemic preconditioning has been proposed as a surgical tool to protect several organs from IR.

Modulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression by ischaemic preconditioning in a lung autotransplant model.

Objectives: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is believed to play a crucial role in lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI). Ischaemic preconditioning (IP) has been shown to protect several organs from ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, although less is known about IP's effect on MCP-1 modulation. The objective of this study was to investigate IP's effect on MCP-1 expression in lung tissue and its relationship with oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine production in an experimental LIRI model.