The innervation of the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles in specimens with a high incidence of an accessory biceps head.

We describe the patterns of motor branches to the elbow flexors in 106 fresh-frozen cadaveric upper extremities from 53 donors of the Latin American mestizo race. We identified a 20% incidence of an accessory biceps head. The innervation patterns to this accessory head were specifically described and added to the Yang classification as Type IV for the biceps and Type III for the brachialis.

Communication between the musculocutaneous and median nerves in the arm: an anatomical study and clinical implications.

Objective: To determine the frequency and features of communication between the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) and median nerve (MN) in a sample of the Colombian population, and assess its clinical implication.

Methods: The arms of 53 cadaver specimens that had been subjected to necropsy at the National Institute of Forensic Medicine, in Bucaramanga, Colombia, were studied. The structures of the anterior compartment of the arm were dissected and characterized regarding the presence of communication between the MCN and MN.

Morphological description of great cardiac vein in pigs compared to human hearts.

Introduction: In spite of its importance as an experimental model, the information on the great cardiac vein in pigs is sparse.

Objective: To determine the morphologic characteristics of the great cardiac vein and its tributaries in pigs.

Methods: 120 hearts extracted from pigs destined to the slaughterhouse with stunning method were studied.

Morphologic expression of the left coronary artery in pigs. An approach in relation to human heart.

Introduction: In spite of its importance as an experimental model, the information on the left coronary artery in pigs is sparse.

Objective: To determine the morphologic features of the left coronary artery in pigs.

Methods: We evaluated 158 pig hearts.

Morphologic evaluation of the renal veins: a study with autopsy material from Colombian subjects.

Renal venous drainage presents a large degree of variability. The purpose of this study was to determine the morphological expression of the renal veins. Renal vein formation patterns, their morphometry, and frequency of additional veins were studied in a sample of 156 pairs of kidneys, the vascular beds of which were subjected to an injection-corrosion technique, taken from cadaver specimens autopsied at National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensics Sciences in Bucaramanga, Colombia.

Right coronary artery anatomy: anatomical and morphometric analysis.

Background: It is necessary knowing the large variability of right coronary (RCA) artery specialty for its implications in surgical procedures and clinic events. This variability is usually related to the length, branches quantity, origin and irrigated territories.

Objective: To evaluate by direct examination the morphologic expression of RCA in Colombian people.

[Otological symptoms among patients with temporomandibular joint disorders].

Middle ear muscles have a common embryological and functional origin with masticatory and facial muscles. Therefore, symptoms referred to the ear may originate from the stomatognathic area. When a primary otological cause is discarded in the diagnostic work up for tinnitus, vertigo, hypoacousia, hyperacousia, ear pain or sensation of occluded ear, a temporomandibular joint dysfunction may be the cause of these symptoms.

Possible implications of an accessory abductor digiti minimi muscle: a case report.

Background: Accessory ADM was first reported in 1868 although muscular, vascular and nervous variations of the hypothenar eminence are rare, contrary to anomalous muscles in the wrist which are relatively common.

Case Presentation: This case report presents a bilateral variation of an accessory abductor digiti minimi muscle in a male specimen. Ulnar artery and ulnar nerves were taken into account regarding their position and trajectory related to this variation.

The digastric muscle's anterior accessory belly: case report.

Digastric muscle is characterized by presenting occasional variations. The suprahyoid region of an 83 year-old male cadaver was dissected and an anatomic variation of the digastric muscle was observed in its anterior belly. It consisted of an accessory bilateral anterior belly originating in the intermediate tendon and inserted into the mylohyoid raphe.

Variations of the origin of collateral branches emerging from the posterior aspect of the brachial plexus.

Background: The frequency of variation found in the arrangement and distribution of the branches in the brachial plexus, make this anatomical region extremely complicated. The medical concerns involved with these variations include anesthetic blocks, surgical approaches, interpreting tumor or traumatic nervous compressions having unexplained clinical symptoms (sensory loss, pain, wakefulness and paresis), and the possibility of these structures becoming compromised. The clinical importance of these variations is discussed in the light of their differential origins.

Hamular Bursitis and its possible craniofacial referred symptomatology: two case reports.

The diagnosis of craniofacial pain is conditioned by the interdisciplinary management of its presentation especially in the absence of unique and objective signs. Bursitis is a pathological entity recently found in the hamular area and should be included in the diagnosis for exclusion of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), ear-nose-throat pathologies, due to the similar symptomatology to other head and neck conditions. The hamular process bursitis is a painful condition that can easily be confused with glosopharinge or trigeminal neuralgia that generates an uncomfortable feeling in the oropharinge with ipsilateral referred--heteretopic-symptomatology to the head.

Temporomandibular disorders: referred cranio-cervico-facial clinic.

The bond between temporomandibular disorders and referred craniofacial symptomatology is more and more evident. In it subsists the prevailing necessity of understanding the temporomandibular disorders and the cranio-cervico-facial referred symptomatology from a neurophysiologic and muscle-skeletal perspective contained in the stomatognatic system. Diagnosis in head and neck areas is difficult because of its complex anatomy.