Identifying the impact of the business cycle on drug-related harms in European countries.

Background: The evidence resulting from the analysis of the association between economic fluctuations and their impact on the substance use is mixed and inconclusive. Effects can be pro-cyclical (drug-related harms are predicted to rise when economic conditions improve), counter-cyclical (drug-related harms are predicted to rise in bad economic times) or unrelated to business cycle conditions as different transmission mechanisms could operate simultaneously.

Methods: The main aim of this study is to assess, from a macroeconomic perspective, the impact of economic cycles on illegal drug-related harms in European countries over the 2000-2020 period.

Evidence of the adverse effects of air pollution on the population's health in Spain: analysis of the economic costs of premature deaths.

Exposure to ambient air pollution increases mortality and morbidity, leading disabilities, and premature deaths. Air pollution has been identified as a leading cause of global disease burden, especially in low- and middle-income countries in 2015 (Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study, 2015). This study explores the relation between mortality rates and particulate matter (PM) concentrations in the 50 Spanish regions for the period 2002-2017.

The social cost of illicit drugs use in Spain.

Background: Illegal drugs consumption not only has a notable impact on the population's health, but also leads to major socio-economic costs. A significant characteristic of drug consumers is that the majority are of working age. The main aim of this study is to estimate the economic impact of drug consumption in Spain from a social perspective.

The Healthy Immigrant Effect on Mental Health: Determinants and Implications for Mental Health Policy in Spain.

Since the mid-1990s, Spain has started to receive a great number of migrant populations. The migration process can have a significantly negative impact on mental health of immigrant population and, consequently, generate implications for the delivery of mental health services. The aim of this article is to provide empirical evidence to demonstrate that the mental health of immigrants in Spain deteriorates the longer they are resident in the country.

[Health status and health services' utilization among immigrant children].

Objective: To provide empirical evidence to assess whether having immigrant parents is a source of variation in health status and in health services' utilization among children.

Method: The analysis was based on the sample of children from the Catalan Health Survey, 2006. Modelling of health status and use of health services was developed from the specification of distinct probabilistic models.