Unraveling the spectrum: overlap, distinctions, and nuances of ADHD and ASD in children.

This review explores the clinical presentation of similarities and differences in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This paper investigates the deficits in executive function, social function, and emotional intelligence that are seen in both conditions and how the presence of both conditions can exacerbate these deficiencies. Understanding the clinical presentations in these domains is critical to refine diagnostic methods and treatments and improve outcomes for those affected by these neurodevelopmental disorders.

Low-mode docking search in iGluR homology models implicates three residues in the control of ligand selectivity.

Homology models of the ionotropic rat kainate receptor iGluR6, based on the ligand binding domains of iGluR2, were constructed. A systematic analysis by low-mode docking searches of kainic acid in homology models of the native iGluR6 receptor, chimeric (iGluR2 and iGluR6) receptors and mutant receptors have identified three residues which influence the conformation of kainic acid in the binding core and hence the affinity for kainic acid. These residues are Leu650, Thr649 and Leu704, all located in domain 2.

The structural basis for kainoid selectivity at AMPA receptors revealed by low-mode docking calculations.

The kainoids are a class of excitatory and excitotoxic pyrrolidine dicarboxylates that act at ionotropic glutamate receptors. The kainoids bind kainate receptors with high affinity and, while binding affinity is lower at AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptors, they are active in functional assays at this receptor subtype as well. However, kainoids are only partial agonists at AMPA receptors.