Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase is increased in the placenta of sheep at high altitude in the Andes.

Fetal weight and the placenta of sheep at high altitude (HA) are affected by hypoxia. Placental changes (an increase in placental size and vascularization) are greater in ewes from populations that have lived for several generations at HA than in those exposed during just 1 gestation. This study investigated placental expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), 2 molecules involved in placental angiogenesis that could be upregulated by hypoxia.

Ovine placenta at high altitudes: comparison of animals with different times of adaptation to hypoxic environment.

Fetal growth and newborn weight from ovine gestations at high altitudes (HA) are greater in ewes that live at HA for several generations than in those native to low altitudes (LA) exposed to HA only during pregnancy. Because the placenta is a key regulator of fetal growth, the present study compared placental characteristics in term pregnancies among ewes native to HA and LA. Conception occurred at HA and ewes continued to reside at HA throughout pregnancy or conception occurred at LA and ewes were transported to HA or remained at LA (controls).

Effect of hypobaric hypoxia on lamb intrauterine growth: comparison between high- and low-altitude native ewes.

The present studies assessed the effect of hypobaric hypoxia on fetal lamb growth in high-altitude (HA) and low-altitude (LA) native ewes. Growth patterns of fetal biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal diameter (AD) and thorax height (TH) were described by consecutive ultrasound measurements throughout the entire pregnancy. Three groups of animals were used: (1) pregnant LA ewes kept at LA (control; 'LL' group); (2) pregnant LA ewes moved to HA immediately after confirmation of pregnancy ('LH' group); and (3) pregnant HA ewes kept at HA throughout the entire pregnancy ('HH' group).

Use of fetal biometry to determine fetal age in late pregnancy in llamas.

Sixty-three pregnant llamas of known breeding date were used in this study. Forty-six of them were submitted to surgery between 186 and 320 days of gestation (52-91% of average gestation period, respectively). Under general anesthesia their fetuses were exteriorized and fetal weight (W), biparietal diameter (BPD) and femoral (F), tarsus-hoof (T-H), tibial (T)) and fronto-occipital (F-O) length were determined.