Balanced SET levels favor the correct enhancer repertoire during cell fate acquisition.

Within the chromatin, distal elements interact with promoters to regulate specific transcriptional programs. Histone acetylation, interfering with the net charges of the nucleosomes, is a key player in this regulation. Here, we report that the oncoprotein SET is a critical determinant for the levels of histone acetylation within enhancers.

Alterations of the intestinal mucus layer correlate with dysbiosis and immune dysregulation in human Type 1 Diabetes.

Background: In preclinical models of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) the integrity of the gut barrier (GB) is instrumental to avoid dysregulated crosstalk between the commensal microbiota and immune cells and to prevent autoimmunity. The GB is composed of the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) and of the mucus layer containing mucins and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are crucial to maintain immune tolerance. In preclinical models of T1D the alterations of the GB primarily affect the mucus layer.

Gut virome-colonising genus is associated with ulcerative colitis pathogenesis and induces intestinal inflammation .

Objectives: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology. Gut virome dysbiosis is fundamental in UC progression, although its role in the early phases of the disease is far from fully understood. Therefore, we sought to investigate the role of a virome-associated protein encoded by the genus, the hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx), in UC aetiopathogenesis.

A multi-omic analysis reveals the esophageal dysbiosis as the predominant trait of eosinophilic esophagitis.

Background: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune-mediated rare disease, characterized by esophageal dysfunctions. It is likely to be primarily activated by food antigens and is classified as a chronic disease for most patients. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying EoE is needed to implement and improve therapeutic lines of intervention and ameliorate overall patient wellness.

Long-term osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells in simulated microgravity: novel proteins sighted.

Microgravity-induced bone loss is a major concern for space travelers. Ground-based microgravity simulators are crucial to study the effect of microgravity exposure on biological systems and to address the limitations posed by restricted access to real space. In this work, for the first time, we adopt a multidisciplinary approach to characterize the morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes underlying the response of human bone marrow stromal cells to long-term simulated microgravity exposure during osteogenic differentiation.

LSEA Evaluation of Lipid Mediators of Inflammation in Lung and Cortex of Mice Exposed to Diesel Air Pollution.

Airborne ultrafine particle (UFP) exposure is a great concern as they have been correlated to increased cardiovascular mortality, neurodegenerative diseases and morbidity in occupational and environmental settings. The ultrafine components of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) represent about 25% of the emission mass; these particles have a great surface area and consequently high capacity to adsorb toxic molecules, then transported throughout the body. Previous in-vivo studies indicated that DEP exposure increases pro- and antioxidant protein levels and activates inflammatory response both in respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Going Beyond Bacteria: Uncovering the Role of Archaeome and Mycobiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a multifaceted class of relapsing-remitting chronic inflammatory conditions where microbiota dysbiosis plays a key role during its onset and progression. The human microbiota is a rich community of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, and archaea, and is an integral part of the body influencing its overall homeostasis. Emerging evidence highlights dysbiosis of the archaeome and mycobiome to influence the overall intestinal microbiota composition in health and disease, including IBD, although they remain some of the least understood components of the gut microbiota.

The Inflammatory Bowel Disease Transcriptome and Metatranscriptome Meta-Analysis (IBD TaMMA) framework.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a class of chronic disorders whose etiogenesis is still unknown. Despite the high number of IBD-related omics studies, the RNA-sequencing data produced results that are hard to compare because of the experimental variability and different data analysis approaches. We here introduce the IBD Transcriptome and Metatranscriptome Meta-Analysis (TaMMA) framework, a comprehensive survey of publicly available IBD RNA-sequencing datasets.

Gut eukaryotic virome in colorectal carcinogenesis: Is that a trigger?

The human gut microbiota is composed of bacteria and viruses that might be associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) onset and progression. Indeed, although viral infections have been reported to be the primary trigger in many diseases, the role of eukaryotic viruses populating the gut mucosa during early colorectal carcinogenesis is underinvestigated. Human eukaryotic viruses in the gut were found to induce alterations of the immune homeostasis so that some viral-dependent mechanisms likely able to induce DNA alterations in the bowel wall have been proposed, although no demonstration is available yet.