Molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolated from a pediatric case of acute lymphoid leukemia, with a delayed response to antiviral treatment: a case report.

Background: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is effectively used as the first-line antiviral for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in adults and children older than 12 years. To date, no confirmed case of virologic breakthrough (VBT) in a pediatric case has been reported.

Case Presentation: Here we describe a case of a 5-year old, asymptomatically infected with HBV infection two months after chemotherapy for precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Genotype E: The neglected genotype of hepatitis B virus.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) (sub)genotypes A1, D3 and E circulate in sub-Saharan Africa, the region with one of the highest incidences of HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma globally. Although genotype E was identified more than 20 years ago, and is the most widespread genotype in Africa, it has not been extensively studied. The current knowledge status and gaps in its origin and evolution, natural history of infection, disease progression, response to antiviral therapy and vaccination are discussed.

Global and regional dispersal patterns of hepatitis B virus genotype E from and in Africa: A full-genome molecular analysis.

Description of the spatial characteristics of viral dispersal is important in understanding the history of infections. Nine hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes (A-I), and a putative 10th genotype (J), with distinct geographical distribution, are recognized. In sub-Saharan Africa (sub)-genotypes A1, D3 and E circulate, with E predominating in western Africa (WA), where HBV is hyperendemic.