Apoptosis releases hydrogen sulfide to inhibit Th17 cell differentiation.

Over 50 billion cells undergo apoptosis each day in an adult human to maintain immune homeostasis. Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is also required to safeguard the function of immune response. However, it is unknown whether apoptosis regulates HS production.

Electrostatic Charge-Mediated Apoptotic Vesicle Biodistribution Attenuates Sepsis by Switching Neutrophil NETosis to Apoptosis.

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy can attenuate organ damage and reduce mortality in sepsis; however, the detailed mechanism is not fully elucidated. In this study, it is shown that MSC-derived apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) can ameliorate multiple organ dysfunction and improve survival in septic mice. Mechanistically, it is found that tail vein-infused apoVs mainly accumulate in the bone marrow of septic mice via electrostatic charge interactions with positively charged neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).