Olfactory signaling components and olfactory receptors are expressed in tubule cells of the human kidney.

Cells of the renal tubule system are in direct contact with compounds dissolved in the urine, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA). Murine OR78, a member of the olfactory receptor (OR) family, is involved in SCFA-related regulation of renal blood pressure in mice. It is still unclear whether OR signaling has an impact on human renal physiology.

Epidermal penetration and protoporphyrin IX formation of two different 5-aminolevulinic acid formulations in ex vivo human skin.

Background: Photosensitizer formation and epidermal penetration depth represent basic predictors of drug efficacy in dermatological Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). Different drug formulations and application standards are used to perform PDT in clinical practice.

Methods: Thus, we developed a human ex vivo model suitable to explore drug permeation in human skin and compared in 10 patients the penetration of nanoemulsion formulation (BF-200 ALA) with that of a 20% ALA cream formulation frequently used in clinical practice.

Parkin loss of function contributes to RTP801 elevation and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.

Mutations in the PARK2 gene are associated with an autosomal recessive form of juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP). These mutations affect parkin solubility and impair its E3 ligase activity, leading to a toxic accumulation of proteins within susceptible neurons that results in a slow but progressive neuronal degeneration and cell death. Here, we report that RTP801/REDD1, a pro-apoptotic negative regulator of survival kinases mTOR and Akt, is one of such parkin substrates.

Inflammatory processes in the aging mouse brain: participation of dendritic cells and T-cells.

Increased inflammatory activity accompanies normal brain aging. Whereas local glial cell activation, upregulation of cytokines and transcriptional alterations of inflammatory factors are well-documented components of this complex process, it is unclear whether blood-derived leukocytes also contribute to the age-related changes. The present study of normal mouse brain applied single and double immunohistochemistry to reveal for the first time that dendritic cells (DCs) and T-cells are important components of the general increased inflammatory state, which was documented by upregulation of reactive astrocytes and microglia.

Raloxifene is not associated with biologically relevant changes in hot flushes in postmenopausal women for whom therapy is appropriate.

Objectives: Raloxifene is approved for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Previous studies have described a raloxifene-associated increase in hot flushes, reported as adverse events. This study was undertaken to provide a detailed evaluation of the potential of raloxifene to induce or exacerbate hot flushes in postmenopausal women.

Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part III: Bipolar disorder.

Genome scans of bipolar disorder (BPD) have not produced consistent evidence for linkage. The rank-based genome scan meta-analysis (GSMA) method was applied to 18 BPD genome scan data sets in an effort to identify regions with significant support for linkage in the combined data. The two primary analyses considered available linkage data for "very narrow" (i.

Expression of MUPP1 protein in mouse brain.

Localizing cell surface receptors to specific subcellular sites can be crucial for proper functioning. PDZ proteins apparently play central roles in such protein localizations. 5-HT(2C) receptors have previously been shown to interact with MUPP1, a multi PDZ domain protein, in heterologous systems and in rat choroid plexus.

A genome survey indicates a possible susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder on chromosome 22.

Bipolar disorder or manic depressive illness is a major psychiatric disorder that is characterized by fluctuation between two abnormal mood states. Mania is accompanied by symptoms of euphoria, irritability, or excitation, whereas depression is associated with low mood and decreased motivation and energy. The etiology is currently unknown; however, numerous family, twin, and adoption studies have argued for a substantial genetic contribution.