Preoperative Endocrine Therapy.

Purpose Of Review: Pre-operative endocrine therapy can be used to down-stage large or locally advanced breast cancers in ER+ disease. In the last four decades, it has evolved from a treatment perceived as an alternative to surgery for those too unfit to undergo surgery or chemotherapy, to the present day where it is a valuable and valid option in the treatment of postmenopausal women with ER-rich (Allred score 7-8, or > 50% staining for ER) breast cancer.

Recent Findings: Emerging data from the metastatic setting is translating into neoadjuvant trials, utilising dual endocrine targeting or combinations of endocrine agents and other targeted drugs, including those acting against components of the PI3K pathway and the cell cycle.

Long-term outcome following liver transplantation for paracetamol overdose.

Paracetamol overdose (POD) is a major cause of acute liver failure (ALF) requiring liver transplantation in the United Kingdom. To characterize the early and late outcome after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for POD in the Scottish Liver Transplant Unit over a 14-year period (1992-2006). Data were obtained from a prospective database combined with case-note review.

Intraoperative upper GI endoscopy ensures an adequate laparoscopic Heller's myotomy.

Introduction: In this article, we present our case series of laparoscopic Heller's myotomies. These were all performed with the aid of intraoperative upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy.

Materials And Methods: During a 7-year period, 5 patients underwent a laparoscopic Heller's myotomy.