Use of non-invasive stimulation in movement disorders: a critical review.

Background: Noninvasive stimulation has been widely used in the past 30 years to study and treat a large number of neurological diseases, including movement disorders.

Objective: In this critical review, we illustrate the rationale for use of these techniques in movement disorders and summarize the best medical evidence based on the main clinical trials performed to date.

Methods: A nationally representative group of experts performed a comprehensive review of the literature in order to analyze the key clinical decision-making factors driving transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in movement disorders.

Association of -94 ATTG insertion/deletion NFkB1 and c.*126G>A NFkBIA genetic polymorphisms with oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers in Brazilian subjects with Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, resulting dopaminergic neuronal cell death in the substantia nigra. The disease is characterized by major motor impairment, being bradykinesia, rest tremor, rigidity and loss of postural reflexes the most common, while autonomic dysfunctions, sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders are some of the wide range of non-motor symptoms. Several processes have been identified to be associated with disease development, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative/nitrosative stress and neuroinflammation.

Parkinson's Disease is Accompanied by Intertwined Alterations in Iron Metabolism and Activated Immune-inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Pathways.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a complex interplay between peripheral and central inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways.

Objective: To investigate immune-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways in relation to iron metabolism in peripheral blood of PD patients and healthy controls.

Method: We recruited 56 healthy individuals and 56 PD patients in stages 1-3 of Hoehn and Yahr Scale.

Balance versus resistance training on postural control in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Evidences have shown that physiotherapy programs may improve the balance of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), although it is not clear which specific exercise program is better.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of balance versus resistance training on postural control measures in PD patients.

Design: Randomized controlled trial.

Highly specific changes in antioxidant levels and lipid peroxidation in Parkinson's disease and its progression: Disease and staging biomarkers and new drug targets.

There is evidence that immune-inflammatory, stress of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (IO&NS) processes play a role in the neurodegenerative processes observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of the present study was to investigate peripheral IO&NS biomarkers in PD. We included 56 healthy individuals and 56 PD patients divided in two groups: early PD stage and late PD stage.