Resting state in Alzheimer's disease: a concurrent analysis of Flash-Visual Evoked Potentials and quantitative EEG.

Background: To investigate to what extent Alzheimer's Disease (AD) affects Resting State activity, the possible impairment of independent electrophysiological parameters was determined in Eye-open and Eye-closed Conditions. Specifically, Flash-Visual Evoked Potential (F-VEP) and quantitative EEG (q-EEG) were examined to establish whether abnormalities of the former were systematically associated with changes of the latter.

Methods: Concurrently recorded F-VEP and q-EEG were comparatively analysed under Eye-open and Eye-closed Conditions in 11 Controls and 19 AD patients presenting a normal Pattern-Visual Evoked Potential (P-VEP).

Real-time artifact filtering in continuous VEPs/fMRI recording.

Continuous recording of Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) exploits the VEPs high temporal resolution and the fMRI high spatial resolution. In this work, we present a new method of continuous VEPs/fMRI recording to study visual function in seven normal subjects. Our real-time artifact filtering is characterized by a procedure based on an analytical study of echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence parameters related electro-encephalogram (EEG)-artifact shapes.

Effects of butorphanol on the withdrawal reflex using threshold, suprathreshold and repeated subthreshold electrical stimuli in conscious horses.

Objective: To assess the effects of a single intravenous dose of butorphanol (0.1 mg kg(-1)) on the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) using threshold, suprathreshold and repeated subthreshold electrical stimuli in conscious horses.

Study Design: 'Unblinded', prospective experimental study.

Evaluation of administration of isoflurane at approximately the minimum alveolar concentration on depression of a nociceptive withdrawal reflex evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation in ponies.

Objective: To investigate effects of isoflurane at approximately the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) on the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) of the forelimb of ponies as a method for quantifying anesthetic potency.

Animals: 7 healthy adult Shetland ponies.

Procedure: Individual MAC (iMAC) for isoflurane was determined for each pony.

Effect of romifidine on the nociceptive withdrawal reflex and temporal summation in conscious horses.

Objective: To investigate the action of a single IV administration of romifidine on the thresholds of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) and temporal summation in conscious horses.

Animals: 10 adult horses.

Procedure: Single electrical stimulations were applied on the digital nerves to evoke NWR from the left forelimb and hind limb.

Investigation of the facilitation of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex evoked by repeated transcutaneous electrical stimulations as a measure of temporal summation in conscious horses.

Objective: To investigate whether facilitation of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) can be evoked and quantified as a measure of temporal summation from the distal aspect of the left forelimb and hind limb in standing nonsedated horses via repeated stimulations of various subthreshold intensities and frequencies.

Animals: 10 adult horses.

Procedure: Surface electromyographic activity evoked by stimulation of the digital palmar and plantar nerves was recorded from the common digital extensor and cranial tibial muscles.

Comparison of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes and recruitment curves between the forelimbs and hind limbs in conscious horses.

Objective: To compare nociceptive withdrawal reflexes (NWRs) evoked from the distal aspect of the left forelimb and hind limb in conscious standing horses and to investigate NWR recruitment for graded electrical stimulation intensities.

Animals: 20 adult horses.

Procedure: Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the digital palmar (or plantar) nerve was recorded from the common digital extensor and cranial tibial muscles.

Quantitative assessment of nociception in horses by use of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation.

Objectives: To evoke and measure the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) by use of electromyographic recordings and to score the behavioral nociceptive responses to electrical pulses in standing nonsedated horses.

Animals: 10 adult horses.

Procedure: The lateral palmar digital nerve of the forelimb was transcutaneously stimulated, and surface electromyographic responses were recorded from the ulnaris lateralis, extensor carpi radialis, and common digital extensor muscles.