Electronic cigarettes: "wolves in sheep's clothing".

Objective: To provide cutting-edge information on the impact and risks of using Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) by children and adolescents, based on the latest evidence published in the literature.

Data Source: A comprehensive search was carried out on PubMed, using the expressions ''electronic cigarettes'' OR ''electronic nicotine delivery systems" OR "vaping" AND ''adolescent'' AND "risks" AND ''acute lung injury'. All retrieved articles had their titles and abstracts read to identify and fully read the papers reporting the most recent evidence on each subject.

Are pediatricians familiar with hereditary angioedema?

Background: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by recurrent episodes of subcutaneous or mucosal edema caused by excess bradykinin. The aim of the present study was to assess the knowledge of pediatricians about hereditary angioedema.

Methods: An online survey with 12 HAE-related and 14 demographics-related questions was e-mailed to all pediatricians who were members of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics (n = 17 145) once a week during the months of June and July 2021.

Prevalence of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Brazilian Infants Seen in Private Pediatric Practices and Their Associated Factors.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of the most frequent functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in Brazilian infants seen in private pediatric clinics and their relationship with cesarean delivery, breastfeeding, and history of prematurity.

Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 5080 infants under 12 months old with routine visits in private pediatric clinics in Brazil. The mothers answered questions about the type of delivery, type of feeding (breast milk, infant formula, cow milk, mixed feeding), history of prematurity, and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Revisiting the use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in distinguishing between primary and secondary malignant tumors of the central nervous system.

Background And Purpose: Conventional magnetic resonance images (MRI) has limitations in distinguishing primary from secondary brain tumors. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) allows evaluation of the concentration of metabolites in a brain lesion and, hence, better characterization of the tumor. Considering that an accurate diagnosis determines the choice of treatment, our purpose was to assess the usefulness of spectroscopy data for differentiating between primary and secondary brain neoplasms.

Development and validation of an instrument for nursing consultation with pediatric patients in the preoperative period.

Objective: To develop and validate an instrument for nursing consultation with pediatric patients in the preoperative period.

Method: This is a methodological study, consisting of five steps: identification of nursing diagnoses, discussion and evaluation of diagnoses with nurses from the institution, instrument development, instrument content validation with experts through the Delphi Technique, and instrument restructuring. The Nursing Minimum Data Set, Wanda Horta's human needs, and the NANDA-NOC-NIC connections were used as theoretical framework.

Breastfeeding in infants seen in private pediatric practices and its relation with type of delivery and history of prematurity.

Objective: To describe the type of milk used to feed infants seen in private pediatric practices in Brazil. To evaluate the relationship between breastfeeding, type of delivery, and history of prematurity.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional and observational study that included 4929 infants in the first year of life seen in private pediatric practices in the five geographic regions of Brazil.

Brazilian guidelines on the frequency of ophthalmic assessment and recommended examinations in healthy children younger than 5 years.

Purpose: To provide guidance on the frequency and components of eye examinations for healthy children aged 0 to 5 years.

Methods: These guidelines were developed based on the medical literature and clinical experience of an expert committee. PubMed/Medline searches were performed, with selected publications not restricted to systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, or observational studies.

NEUROPSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH LIVER DISEASES: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WITH META-ANALYSIS.

Background: The nature of liver disease, the evolutionary course and duration of liver diseases, as well as the degree of severity and disability can trigger multiple outcomes with repercussions on neuromotor acquisition and development.

Objective: To systematically review and conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of liver disease on the neuropsychomotor development of children and adolescents with their native livers and those who underwent liver transplantation.

Methods: Observational studies published since the early 1980s until June 2019 were sought in the PubMed and Scopus databases.

Child behavior during the social distancing in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: To describe the daily activities performed by children from 6 to 12 years of age incomplete and analyze children's behavior during social distancing in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: Cross-sectional study with children in a learning stage living in Brazil. The data were collected via online form.

Sarcopenia in children and adolescents with chronic liver disease.

Objective: To investigate the occurrence of sarcopenia in children and adolescents with chronic liver disease.

Methods: A series of cases, with patients aged 6-19 years of both genders, who were treated in Liver Outpatient Clinics. Weight, height, muscle strength (assessed by manual grip strength), and muscle mass (estimated through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured.

High blood pressure screening in children and adolescents from Amargosa, Bahia: usefulness of anthropometric indices of obesity.

Objective: To determine the predictive power of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and their respective cut-off points for high blood pressure (BP) screening in Brazilian children and adolescents.

Method: Cross-sectional study conducted with 1,139 students aged 6 to 17years. Body weight, height, WC, and BP were measured.

Utility of anthropometric indicators to screen for clustered cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents.

Background Anthropometric indicators are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF), but there is no consensus as to which indicator is the most suitable to screen for clustered CMRF. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of five anthropometric indicators to screen for clustered CMRF in children and adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1139 schoolchildren aged 6-17 years from Northeastern Brazil.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of the treatment of mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease in Brazil.

Objective: To perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of donepezil and rivastigmine therapy for mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) from the perspective of the Brazilian Unified Health System.

Method: A hypothetical cohort of 1,000 individuals of both sexes, aged >65 years, and diagnosed with AD was simulated using a Markov model. The time horizon was 10 years, with 1-year cycles.

Autoimmune hepatitis in 828 Brazilian children and adolescents: clinical and laboratory findings, histological profile, treatments, and outcomes.

Objective: This large study with a long-term follow-up aimed to evaluate the clinical presentation, laboratory findings, histological profile, treatments, and outcomes of children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis.

Methods: The medical records of 828 children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis were reviewed. A questionnaire was used to collect anonymous data on clinical presentation, biochemical and histological findings, and treatments.

Inflammatory cytokines and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese children and adolescents.

Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by the intrahepatic deposition of fat. It is the most prevalent liver disease in the world, affecting obese children and adolescents. Its pathophysiology is not fully understood, although it is often related to insulin resistance.

IV Brazilian Consensus on Rhinitis - an update on allergic rhinitis.

Introduction: The guidelines on allergic rhinitis aim to update knowledge about the disease and care for affected patients. The initiative called "Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma", initially published in 2001 and updated in 2008 and 2010, has been very successful in disseminating information and evidence, as well as providing a classification of severity and proposing a systemized treatment protocol. In order to include the participation of other medical professionals in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, it is important to develop algorithms that accurately indicate what should and can be done regionally.

DNA sampling from eggshells and microsatellite genotyping in rare tropical birds: Case study on Brazilian Merganser.

This study shows that sampling maternal DNA from hatched and abandoned eggshells is a viable noninvasive strategy for studying the genetics of rare or endangered tropical birds, as exemplified here by the Brazilian Merganser (Mergus octosetaceus). Eighteen microsatellites were isolated from enriched libraries and nine heterologous loci from related species were tested. Seven loci were amplified successfully, with five of them being polymorphic.

ANTHROPOMETRY AND CLUSTERED CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK FACTORS IN YOUNG PEOPLE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the ability of anthropometric indicators to predict clustered cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) in children and adolescents.

Data Source: Studies published from June 1st, 2011 to May 31st, 2016 in the PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases were analyzed. The research was based on keywords derived from the terms "anthropometric indicators" AND "cardiometabolic risk factors".

Hepatobiliary disease in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

Objectives: The aims of the study were to determine the frequency of hepatobiliary disease in patients with cystic fibrosis and to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory profile of these patients.

Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive, and analytical study of 55 patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, aged between 3 months and 21 years, followed-up from January 2008 to June 2016 in a referral center. Medical records were consulted and sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory data, including hepatobiliary alterations, imaging studies, genetic studies, liver biopsies, and upper digestive endoscopies were registered.

Glucose alteration and insulin resistance in asymptomatic obese children and adolescents.

Objective: Obesity is associated with the abnormal glucose metabolism preceding type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, further investigation on the prediction of this lethal outcome must be sought. The objective was the profile glycemic assessment of asymptomatic obese children and adolescents from Salvador, Brazil.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathophysiology in obese children and adolescents: update.

Objective: Although the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was first identified in 1980, it presents multifactorial and unclear pathophysiology. In this review, we intend to update the pathophysiological mechanisms of a high morbidity and mortality associated disease that is affecting obese children worldwide.

Data Sources: The PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases were used in the search strategy for articles related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and published in the last three decades.

[Maternal intention to breastfeed: a systematic review].

This study seeks to identify the factors associated with maternal intention to breastfeed (MIB) in pregnant women. A systematic review of articles in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (PubMed/Medline) and the Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (Lilacs) databases was conducted. Two independent reviewers performed the search, using the "Medical Subject Headings" and "Key words in Science and Health" vocabulary, referring to: breastfeeding, intention, and pregnant women.

Utility of body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio as screening tools for hyperglycemia in young people.

Objectives: To evaluate the ability of BMI, WC and WHtR to discriminate hyperglycemia in young people, and to determine whether there is an increase in the accuracy with the addition of WC and/or WHtR to BMI.

Subjects And Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,139 schoolchildren aged 6 to 17 years from Northeastern Brazil. Body weight, height, WC and fasting glucose levels were measured, and the BMI and WHtR were calculated.

Number of Daily Steps to Discriminate Abdominal Obesity in a Sample of Brazilian Children and Adolescents.

Purpose: Weight status-referenced pedometer step-count guidelines for young people have been developed for populations from high-income countries and may not be applicable to middle- and low-income countries. The objectives of this study were 1) to develop cut-off points for pedometer-determined step count in young Brazilians using waist circumference (WC) as a reference criterion, and 2) to analyze the capacity of previous recommendations to discriminate abdominal obesity in the sample studied.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,044 schoolchildren (456 boys) aged 6-17 years from Northeastern Brazil.

Comparison of two visual methods for detecting caries among obese and non-obese children.

Objective: The study aimed to compare two visual methods for detecting caries among obese and non-obese children in Salvador, Brazil.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2011-2012, which evaluated 180 paediatric patients, 6-14 years old, girls and boys, categorized into two groups: obese and non-obese (healthy weight), according to the body mass index. For the evaluation of dental caries, the decayed, missing or filled teeth index (DMFT/dmft) and International Caries Detection and Assessment System II (ICDAS II) visual criteria were used.