Mortality by cause of death and risk behaviors in farmers versus non-farmers: the importance of avoiding the healthy worker effect.

Objectives: To compare mortality by cancer sites and by other specific causes of death, and the prevalence of risk behaviors in farmers and non-farmers in Spain.

Methods: Mortality by cause of death was calculated based on a longitudinal study with 10-years follow-up of 9.5 million men and 6 million women aged 20-64 years who were employed in 2001.

Variation in mortality inequalities in the autonomous communities of Spain: a matter of mortality in people with less education.

Background: Given the importance of mortality rates in each socioeconomic group, as explanation for the variation in mortality inequalities across populations, the objective of the present study is to evaluate whether regional variation in mortality inequalities in Spain is related to the mortality rates in different socioeconomic groups.

Methods: The study included all persons aged 30-74 years living in Spain in 2001 and followed up for mortality over 7 years. In each of the 17 autonomous communities of Spain mortality rates were estimated for those with low and high education, as well as two measures of mortality inequality according to education: mortality rate difference and mortality rate ratio.

Area-level socioeconomic context, total mortality and cause-specific mortality in Spain: Heterogeneous findings depending on the level of geographic aggregation.

The objective of this study was to estimate the association between area-level socioeconomic context and mortality in Spain, using two different geographic aggregations. Nation-wide prospective study covering all persons living in Spain in 2001. Mortality was analysed in Spanish citizens by province of residence and in citizens of Madrid by neighbourhood of residence.