Publications by authors named "Lucia Caudillo"
Article Synopsis
- Aerosols from gas-to-particle processes significantly contribute to urban smog and haze, particularly through the formation of ammonium nitrate, which can thrive in polluted city conditions.
- Urban areas face complex variations in temperature and gas concentrations, influencing how quickly aerosols can form and grow.
- Experimental results from CERN's CLOUD chamber reveal that rapid temperature fluctuations can enhance nanoparticle growth, highlighting the influence of inconsistent ammonia emissions in cities on aerosol dynamics.
Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) are a major source of new particles that affect the Earth's climate. HOM production from the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) occurs during both the day and night and can lead to new particle formation (NPF). However, NPF involving organic vapors has been reported much more often during the daytime than during nighttime.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe main nucleating vapor in the atmosphere is thought to be sulfuric acid (HSO), stabilized by ammonia (NH). However, in marine and polar regions, NH is generally low, and HSO is frequently found together with iodine oxoacids [HIO, i.e.
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- The study investigates how high relative humidity (RH) influences the partitioning of biogenic oxidized organic molecules into secondary organic aerosols (SOA) using real-time measurements in a controlled lab setting.
- Results show significant increases in SOA mass (45%-85%) as RH rises from low to high levels, with semi-volatile compounds playing a key role in this process.
- The research explains that higher RH alters the chemical composition of aerosols, shifting toward more volatile species, and emphasizes the critical role of water content in promoting organic aerosol growth.
Iodine is a reactive trace element in atmospheric chemistry that destroys ozone and nucleates particles. Iodine emissions have tripled since 1950 and are projected to keep increasing with rising O surface concentrations. Although iodic acid (HIO) is widespread and forms particles more efficiently than sulfuric acid, its gas-phase formation mechanism remains unresolved.
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- Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) contributes to climate change by affecting cloud formation through its oxidation products, primarily methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and sulfuric acid (HSO), but predicting their levels accurately is difficult.
- Experiments conducted at CERN's CLOUD chamber showed that lowering the temperature significantly boosts the production of MSA from DMS oxidation, while HSO production remains relatively stable, resulting in a lower HSO/MSA ratio at cold temperatures.
- The research introduces a new DMS oxidation mechanism that increases MSA production estimates, significantly higher than previous models, revealing MSA's crucial role in the sulfur cycle and its impact on cloud condensation nuclei.
Article Synopsis
- New particle formation events occur frequently in polluted environments, despite high loss rates of tiny clusters, suggesting scavenging by larger particles or unknown growth mechanisms might be less effective than anticipated.
- Experiments in the CLOUD chamber at CERN showed that the creation of new particles from human-made vapors significantly drops when there are many pre-existing particles, proving they effectively scavenge smaller molecular clusters.
- In conditions with high levels of nitric acid and ammonia, newly formed particles can grow rapidly and maintain their numbers, even in heavily polluted air, which helps explain why these particles survive in haze-like situations.
New particle formation in the upper free troposphere is a major global source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). However, the precursor vapours that drive the process are not well understood. With experiments performed under upper tropospheric conditions in the CERN CLOUD chamber, we show that nitric acid, sulfuric acid and ammonia form particles synergistically, at rates that are orders of magnitude faster than those from any two of the three components.
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- - Iodic acid (HIO) can rapidly form aerosol particles in coastal areas, with nucleation rates surpassing those of sulfuric acid-ammonia under similar conditions.
- - Ion-induced nucleation involves the initial formation of IO followed by the addition of HIO, occurring efficiently at temperatures below +10°C, while neutral nucleation relies on a different process involving iodous acid.
- - Freshly formed HIO particles significantly contribute to fast particle growth and can effectively compete with sulfuric acid particle formation in unpolluted atmospheric regions.