The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean Version 5.0.

Knowledge about seafloor depth, or bathymetry, is crucial for various marine activities, including scientific research, offshore industry, safety of navigation, and ocean exploration. Mapping the central Arctic Ocean is challenging due to the presence of perennial sea ice, which limits data collection to icebreakers, submarines, and drifting ice stations. The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) was initiated in 1997 with the goal of updating the Arctic Ocean bathymetric portrayal.

BrainBike peptidomimetic enables efficient transport of proteins across brain endothelium.

Protein therapeutics cannot reach the brain in sufficient amounts because of their low permeability across the blood-brain barrier. Here we report a new family of bicyclic peptide shuttles, BrainBikes, capable of increasing transport of proteins, including antibody derivatives, in a human cell-based model of the blood-brain barrier.

Site-specific antibody masking enables conditional activation with different stimuli.

Antibody therapeutics show great potential to treat a variety of diseases. Often, the dose that can be safely administered is limited by side effects that arise from the interaction with the target outside the diseased tissue. Conditionally-active antibodies provide an additional layer of selectivity to improve safety.

Climate-controlled submarine landslides on the Antarctic continental margin.

Antarctica's continental margins pose an unknown submarine landslide-generated tsunami risk to Southern Hemisphere populations and infrastructure. Understanding the factors driving slope failure is essential to assessing future geohazards. Here, we present a multidisciplinary study of a major submarine landslide complex along the eastern Ross Sea continental slope (Antarctica) that identifies preconditioning factors and failure mechanisms.

Protease-Resistant Peptides for Targeting and Intracellular Delivery of Therapeutics.

Peptides show high promise in the targeting and intracellular delivery of next-generation bio- and nano-therapeutics. However, the proteolytic susceptibility of peptides is one of the major limitations of their activity in biological environments. Numerous strategies have been devised to chemically enhance the resistance of peptides to proteolysis, ranging from - and -termini protection to cyclization, and including backbone modification, incorporation of amino acids with non-canonical side chains and conjugation.

Cytosolic localization and in vitro assembly of human de novo thymidylate synthesis complex.

De novo thymidylate synthesis is a crucial pathway for normal and cancer cells. Deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) is synthesized by the combined action of three enzymes: serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT1), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TYMS), with the latter two being targets of widely used chemotherapeutics such as antifolates and 5-fluorouracil. These proteins translocate to the nucleus after SUMOylation and are suggested to assemble in this compartment into the thymidylate synthesis complex.

The Masking Game: Design of Activatable Antibodies and Mimetics for Selective Therapeutics and Cell Control.

The high selectivity and affinity of antibody binding have made antibodies all-pervasive tools in therapy, diagnosis, and basic science. A plethora of chemogenetic approaches has been devised to make antibodies responsive to stimuli ranging from light to enzymatic activity, temperature, pH, ions, and effector molecules. Within a single decade, the field of activatable antibodies has yielded marketed therapeutics capable of engaging antigens that could not be targeted with traditional antibodies, as well as new tools to control intracellular protein location and investigate biological processes.

Author Correction: Interplay of grounding-line dynamics and sub-shelf melting during retreat of the Bjørnøyrenna Ice Stream.

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.

The catalytic activity of serine hydroxymethyltransferase is essential for de novo nuclear dTMP synthesis in lung cancer cells.

Unlabelled: Cancer cells reprogramme one-carbon metabolism (OCM) to sustain growth and proliferation. Depending on cell demands, serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) dynamically changes the fluxes of OCM by reversibly converting serine and tetrahydrofolate (THF) into 5,10-methylene-THF and glycine. SHMT is a tetrameric enzyme that mainly exists in three isoforms; two localize in the cytosol (SHMT1/SHMT2α) and one (SHMT2) in the mitochondria.

Interplay of grounding-line dynamics and sub-shelf melting during retreat of the Bjørnøyrenna Ice Stream.

The Barents Sea Ice Sheet was a marine-based ice sheet, i.e., it rested on the Barents Sea floor during the Last Glacial Maximum (21 ky BP).

Mediterranean megaturbidite triggered by the AD 365 Crete earthquake and tsunami.

Historian Ammianus Marcellinus documented the devastating effects of a tsunami hitting Alexandria, Egypt, on July 21, AD 365. "The solidity of the earth was made to shake … and the sea was driven away. The waters returning when least expected killed many thousands by drowning.

Cerebral venous thrombosis: role of CT, MRI and MRA in the emergency setting.

Purpose: It is often difficult to diagnose cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), an uncommon condition that more frequently affects young subjects, is responsible for 1%-2% of strokes in adults and has a subtle clinic onset. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MR venography in the emergency setting and to discuss the risk factors, clinical presentation, outcome and follow-up of this disease.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively studied 40 patients with CVT admitted to the emergency department between 1996 and 2006 and examined with unenhanced CT, MRI and MR venography.

Role of diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MR imaging for brain tumour characterisation.

Purpose: This study was undertaken to correlate apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and relative regional cerebral blood volume (rrCBV) to histological findings in a large series of patients with primary or secondary brain tumours to evaluate diffusion-weighted (DWI) and perfusion-weighted (PWI) imaging in the characterisation of cerebral tumors.

Materials And Methods: Ninety-eight patients with cerebral tumours, 46 of which were primary (seven grade 0-I, nine low-grade gliomas, two gliomatosis cerebri, nine lymphomas and 19 high-grade gliomas) and 52 secondary, underwent conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging completed with DWI and dynamic contrast susceptibility PWI. Both ADC and rrCBV were calculated on a workstation by using Functool 2 software.

Patient dose evaluation by means of DICOM images for a direct radiography system.

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the statistical distribution of patient dose for different examinations by using the data stored in a DICOM image archive of a direct digital radiography system.

Materials And Methods: An automatic procedure to extract dose data and exposure parameters from the image archives was implemented. During a 4.

Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging and ADC Maps in the Diagnosis of Intracranial Cystic or Necrotic Lesions. A Retrospective Study on 49 Patients.

This study evaluated the usefulness of diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ADC maps in the differential diagnosis of brain abscesses from cystic or necrotic neoplasms. MR images of 49 patients with 54 lesions were examined retrospectively. All patients underwent conventional MRI and DWI, and ADC values were calculated by placing ROIs of 30 mm(2) manually over the cystic part of the lesions.

Automated quality control in computed radiography.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the automation of quality control procedures on photo-stimulable imaging plates by means of an image-processing tool providing automatic reading of the images and automatic calculation of the quality parameters monitored.

Materials And Methods: Quality-control procedures were performed according to the main available guidelines. The quality assurance programme was applied to several Kodak and Philips devices in four radiological departments.

Dissection of cervicocephalic arteries: early diagnosis and follow-up with magnetic resonance imaging.

Evaluate Magnetic Resonance (MR) and Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) sensibility in the diagnosis and follow-up of dissection of Internal Carotid and Vertebral Artery (ICA/VA). We revalued MR examination of 36 patients, 24 men, 12 women, aged 18-69 years. All patients underwent brain TC and MR (GE 1 Tesla); in 16 subjects 3D Time-of-Flight (TOF-3D) MRA was performed and in 20 subjects a Contrast-Enhanced MRA (CEMRA) of neck and head arteries.

Prevalence of Paget's disease of bone in Italy.

Unlabelled: We examined the prevalence of PDB in Italy from radiological, scintigraphic, and biochemical surveys in two Italian towns. Prevalence rates varied from 0.7% to 2.

Reversible encephalopathy syndrome: report of 12 cases with follow-up.

We report the clinical and neuroradiological features of reversible encephalopathy syndrome and follow-up results in 12 patients. This syndrome seems to be the result of an acute encephalopathy showing with brain edema mainly in the white matter (vasogenic edema). Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images are useful to distinguish this entity from acute ischemia.

Reversible changes in goldfish brain polyamine concentrations and synthetic enzymes after cold exposure.

Exposure of goldfish to the cold (5 degrees C) caused a sharp increase in brain putrescine level during the first week. Such increase continued at a minor rate for the whole period of exposure (2 months). In contrast, the content of spermidine and spermine remained unchanged.

Magnetic resonance diagnosis of traumatic penile fracture.

Purpose: To report our experience with MRI in the preoperative evaluation of patients with traumatic penile fractures.

Materials And Methods: Between January 1998 and December 2001, we performed MRI examinations on five patients (aged 29-48 years; mean age 40 years) with suspected traumatic fracture of the penis occurred during sexual intercourse. In all cases, T1-weighted SE, T2-weighted FSE and GRE sequences in the axial, coronal and sagittal planes were acquired.

[Check of compliance with quality criteria for diagnostic radiographic images in quality control].

Purpose: To devise and implement a programme of measurements to assess the entrance surface dose for a standard-sized patient and to check the compliance with diagnostic reference levels.

Material And Methods: Dose evaluation was performed on 40 radiographic instruments. The exposure parameters were collected for the main radiographic procedures (chest, skull, spine, pelvis, abdomen) each performed with instrument on a standard-sized patient.

Pharmacological characterization of adenosine A1 receptors and its functional role in brown trout (Salmo trutta) brain.

The adenosine receptor agonist N(6)-cyclohexyl[(3)H]adenosine ([(3)H]CHA) was used to identify and pharmacologically characterize adenosine A1 receptors in brown trout (Salmo trutta) brain. In membranes prepared from trout whole brain, the A1 receptor agonist [(3)H]CHA bound saturably, reversibly and with high affinity (K(d)=0. 69+/-0.

Predominant expression of group-II metabotropic glutamate receptors in the goldfish brain.

Group-II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors (mGlu2/3 receptors) were highly expressed in various regions (telencephalon, optic tectum, and cerebellum, but not vagal lobe) of the goldfish brain. In the goldfish telencephalon, expression of mGlu2/3 receptors was even higher than in the rat cerebral cortex. In contrast, mGlu5 receptors showed low levels of expression in all goldfish brain regions, whereas mGlu1a receptors were only expressed in the goldfish cerebellum.