3D jet writing of mechanically actuated tandem scaffolds.

The need for high-precision microprinting processes that are controllable, scalable, and compatible with different materials persists throughout a range of biomedical fields. Electrospinning techniques offer scalability and compatibility with a wide arsenal of polymers, but typically lack precise three-dimensional (3D) control. We found that charge reversal during 3D jet writing can enable the high-throughput production of precisely engineered 3D structures.