Ophthalmoscopy simulation: advances in training and practice for medical students and young ophthalmologists.

Objective: To describe and appraise the latest simulation models for direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy as a learning tool in the medical field.

Methods: The present review was conducted using four national and international databases - PubMed, Scielo, Medline and Cochrane. Initial set of articles was screened based on title and abstracts, followed by full text analysis.

Ocular adverse effects after facial cosmetic procedures: a review of case reports.

To review indexed literature concerning adverse ocular effects of the most common aesthetic facial procedures (light-emitting therapy, dermal fillers injection, and botulinum toxin). Literature search using three online databases - PubMed, SciELO, and Capes - selecting case reports, series of cases and reviews, with no language restriction, published in a period of the last twenty years (1995-2015). After reviewing 48 case reports and most recent reviews, the authors found the most common ocular adverse effects of dermal fillers were related to vascular occlusion; light-emitting therapy was associated with pigmented tissue damage leading to anterior uveitis and iris atrophy, and ptosis presented the higher relative risk associated with botulinum toxin.

Evaluation of a simulation tool in ophthalmology: application in teaching funduscopy.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the Eye Retinopathy Trainer® as a teaching tool for direct ophthalmoscopy examination by comparing it with the traditional method using volunteers.

Methods: Fourth year medical students received training in direct ophthalmoscopy using a simulation tool and human volunteers. Ninety students were randomized into a Simulation Group or a Control Group by the inclusion or absence of the simulation model in classroom practice.

Simulation models applied to practical learning and skill enhancement in direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy: a review.

The purpose of this review was to analyze and describe simulation methods for practical learning and training of the ophthalmoscopy exam and to organize them into specific topics relative to each principle of operation, while evaluating their preliminary results. A critical review of articles that described and evaluated simulated models for ophthalmoscopy published in the last ten years (2004-2014) was performed. One hundred articles about ophthalmology and simulation were found in national and international periodicals, but only a few discussed the examination of the posterior pole of the eye.