Benign Paroxysmal Torticollis.

Background: The purpose of this review is to clarify the natural course of benign paroxysmal torticollis (BPT) and update the information on the relationship of this disorder with migraine. BPT belongs to a group of "episodic syndromes that may be associated with migraine" and is diagnosed according to diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. BPT affects infants and young children and is often an underdiagnosed manifestation since it is not recognized in cases with a benign evolution, requiring a careful differential diagnosis.

How to Assess the Headache-Sleep Disorders Comorbidity in Children and Adolescents.

Sleep disorders and primary headaches are frequent health problems in childhood, and they are often comorbid in an individual, linked by a mutual and complex relationship. This comorbidity is frequent and well-documented, but the available literature is usually biased in favor of one aspect or another, mainly depending on the expertise of the authors. The aim of this paper is to review existing literature on the diagnostic assessment of comorbid primary headaches and sleep disorders, so as to propose practical suggestions to accurately investigate the presence of comorbid conditions in children evaluated for primary headaches or for sleep disorders.

Correlation between primary headaches and learning disabilities in children and adolescents.

Background: Primary headaches (H) and learning disabilities (LD) are frequent in childhood and can coexist in the same subject, but their correlation is not always clear. The aim of our study was to evaluate this relationship considering also any psychopathologies and their influence on the quality of life by considering an aspect such as school absences.

Methods: One hundred and ninety-three children (8-18y) with H and LD assessed consecutively at the Headache Center of L'Aquila, from 2013 to 2018 are the sample.

The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia.

By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization's decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population.