[Defense mechanisms as outcome measure in short-term psychotherapy related to symptoms, severity and overall functioning: a preliminary study].

Unlabelled: The assessment of defense mechanisms in psychotherapy is currently one of the most used ways to evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy. In literature there are few reports on defense mechanisms changes by short-term treatments.

Aim: To determine whether the defense mechanisms are changed after twelve sessions of short-term psychotherapy related to psychopathological symptoms, severity and overall functioning.

["Subjective time" as diagnostic marker in cognitive-systems oriented psychotherapy].

After examining the notion of time among philosophical and psychological theories and some recent evidences, we propose a concept of time, relating to its objective/subjective difference, from a cognitive-systems process oriented approach, which is a multidisciplinary and evolutionary approach for diagnosis, practice and steps of psychotherapy.