Plant-to-plant defence induction in cotton is mediated by delayed release of volatiles upon herbivory.

Caterpillar feeding immediately triggers the release of volatile compounds stored in the leaves of cotton plants. Additionally, after 1 d of herbivory, the leaves release other newly synthesised volatiles. We investigated whether these volatiles affect chemical defences in neighbouring plants and whether such temporal shifts in emissions matter for signalling between plants.

Innovations towards sustainable olive crop management: a new dawn by precision agriculture including endo-therapy.

Olive trees ( L.) are deeply interwoven with the past, present and future of Mediterranean civilizations, both as essential economical as well as cultural valuables. Olive horticulture constitutes one of the primary agroecosystems in the Mediterranean regions of today.

Endophytic Colonization by the Entomopathogenic Fungus Affects Plant Volatile Emissions in the Presence or Absence of Chewing and Sap-Sucking Insects.

Entomopathogenic fungi are gaining acceptance in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems as effective and environmental safety biological control agents to protect a great variety of crops against pest insects. Many of these insect-pathogenic fungi can establish themselves as endophytes and thereby may induce the plant immune system. The activation of plant defenses by the fungal endophytic colonization can have a direct impact on herbivores and plant pathogens.

Unveiling an odd fate after death: The isolated Eneolithic cranium discovered in the Marcel Loubens Cave (Bologna, Northern Italy).

An isolated human cranium, dated to the early Eneolithic period, was discovered in 2015 at the top of a vertical shaft in the natural Marcel Loubens gypsum Cave (Bologna area, northern Italy). No other anthropological or archaeological remains were found inside the cave. In other caves of the same area anthropic and funerary use are attested from prehistory to more recent periods.

Effects of woody biochar on dry thermophilic anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste.

This study presents the results of semi-pilot scale anaerobic digestion tests conducted under dry thermophilic conditions with the addition of biochar (6% on fresh mass basis of inoculum), derived from an industrial gasification plant, for determining biogas and biomethane production from organic fraction of municipal solid waste. By using two types of inocula (from a full-scale dry anaerobic digestion plant and from lab-scale biomethanation tests), the obtained experimental results did not show significant increase in methane yield related to the presence of biochar (330.40 NL CH kgVS using plant inoculum; 335.

Bottom-up control of geographic variation in insect herbivory on wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) by plant defenses and climate.

Premise: The occurrence and amount of herbivory are shaped by bottom-up forces, primarily plant traits (e.g., defenses), and by abiotic factors.