Pulse oximetry (SpO) identifies a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO) when it falls below 80 mmHg, while oxygen reserve index (ORi), a dimensionless index ranging from 0 to 1, detects PaO changes between 100 and 200 mmHg. This study investigates the usefulness of ORi in detecting impending deoxygenation before traditional SpO. Fifty-one dogs undergoing anesthesia were mechanically ventilated maintaining a fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: The oxygen reserve index (ORi) is a real-time, continuous index measured with multi-wavelength pulse CO-oximetry technology. It estimates mild hyperoxemia in humans, which is defined as a partial pressure of oxygen (PaO) level between 100 and 200 mmHg. The objectives of this study were to assess the correlation between ORi and PaO, as well as to determine its ability in detecting mild hyperoxemia in dogs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRespiratory dysfunction often decreases arterial oxygen content. Four common oxygen delivery techniques-flow-by, nasal prongs, a tight-vented mask, and a tight mask connected to a Venturi valve-were evaluated for their effectiveness in increasing the oxygen reserve index (ORi), a dimensionless index of oxygen content that provides additional information compared to traditional pulse oximetry (SpO) during hyperoxia (PaO 100-200 mmHg), and that ranges from 0 to 1. Thirty-two dogs sedated with dexmedetomidine and an opioid were evenly divided into four groups based on the technique for oxygen administration.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Endotracheal intubation in rabbits is challenging and supraglottic airway devices, such as laryngeal masks (LMA), represent an alternative as they are easy to insert, and do not stimulate the larynx requiring therefore a lighter plane of anaesthesia for their insertion and positioning than the endotracheal tubes. We investigated whether, compared to an endotracheal tube, the LMA can reduce the negative effects of general anaesthetics on some cardiovascular and respiratory parameters routinely monitored in rabbits anaesthetized for elective gonadectomy. The records of 21 adult mixed breed pet rabbits were collected retrospectively.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To evaluate the oxygen reserve index (ORI) as a noninvasive estimate of the PaO during moderate hyperoxaemia [100-200 mmHg (13.3-26.6 kPa)], and to determine ORI values identifying PaO > 100, > 150 (20.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To compare F-shunt and oxygen content indices in sheep ventilated with a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cmHO alone or preceded by a stepwise alveolar recruitment manoeuvre (ARM).
Study Design: Randomized crossover design.
Animals: A total of six nonpregnant Brogna ewes weighing 34-47 kg, undergoing thoracolumbar magnetic resonance scan.
The European hedgehogs may require the use of chemical restraint for clinical examination because of their tendency to roll up as a defensive behaviour. This study evaluated the effects of alfaxalone combined with dexmedetomidine for restraint of hedgehogs undergoing pre-release health checks and atipamezole for recovery.Twenty hedgehogs received alfaxalone 2 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFew reports evaluate the clinical effects of opioids in sheep during experimental surgical procedures. Catecholamine-mediated haemodynamic changes resulting from surgical noxious stimulation are blunted by opioids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three opioid-based analgesic protocols in avoiding a 20% increase in heart rate (HR) and/or mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) during experimental intervertebral disk nucleotomy in sheep.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: The trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) is a brainstem reflex that may be observed in anaesthesia during surgical procedures stimulating the intracranial or peripheral portion of the trigeminal nerve. The peripheral TCR is divided into the oculocardiac reflex and the maxillomandibulocardiac reflex based on the affected sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve. In veterinary medicine the oculocardiac reflex has been described, however the maxillomandibulocardiac reflex has never been reported.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are commonly used in experimental laparoscopy in swine undergoing carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Hypercapnia may be present and may prolong NMBAs' pharmacologic activity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of permissive hypercapnia on the neuromuscular blockade of atracurium in swine.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Rabbits are particularly sensitive to develop hypotension during sedation or anaesthesia. Values of systolic or mean non-invasive arterial blood pressure below 80 or 60 mmHg respectively are common under anaesthesia despite an ongoing surgery. A reliable method of monitoring arterial blood pressure is extremely important, although invasive technique is not always possible due to the anatomy and dimension of the artery.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of two doses of tramadol during isoflurane anaesthesia in sheep and their ability to prevent the cardiovascular response induced by surgical stimulation.
Study Design: Prospective randomized controlled study.
Animals: A total of 12 healthy sheep (mean weight, 47.
OBJECTIVE To create an atlas of the normal CT anatomy of the head of blue-and-gold macaws (Ara ararauna), African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), and monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus). ANIMALS 3 blue-and-gold macaws, 5 African grey parrots, and 6 monk parakeets and cadavers of 4 adult blue-and-gold macaws, 4 adult African grey parrots, and 7 monk parakeets. PROCEDURES Contrast-enhanced CT imaging of the head of the live birds was performed with a 4-multidetector-row CT scanner.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: The increasing popularity gained by pet birds over recent decades has highlighted the role of avian medicine and surgery in the global veterinary scenario; such a need for speciality avian medical practice reflects the rising expectation for high-standard diagnostic imaging procedures. The aim of this study is to provide an atlas of matched anatomical cross-sections and contrast-enhanced CT images of the coelomic cavity in three highly diffused psittacine species.
Results: Contrast-enhanced computed tomographic studies of the coelomic cavity were performed in 5 blue-and-gold macaws, 4 African grey parrots and 6 monk parakeets by means of a 4-multidetector-row CT scanner.
This study investigated the effect of morphine, fentanyl, butorphanol and buprenorphine on viability and caspase-3 activity in renal proximal tubular cells exposed to opioids for 2 h before or 12 h after chemical anoxia. Cell viability decreased regardless the treatment although intracellular ATP content was elevated in morphine and fentanyl pre-treated cells at 12 h. Anoxia increased caspase activity but this effect was significantly reduced in cells treated before or after with morphine, fentanyl and in cell treated with butorphanol for 12 h.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To investigate whether intraoperative administration of a lidocaine infusion to dogs with septic peritonitis was associated with short-term (48 hours) survival after surgery.
Design: Retrospective case series.
Animals: 75 dogs with septic peritonitis.
Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the end-tidal concentration of isoflurane required to maintain heart and respiratory rate within ± 20% of basal measurement in cats undergoing ovariectomy that received buprenorphine, tramadol or a combination of both. Methods Thirty cats, divided into three groups, were enrolled in a simple operator-blinded, randomised study. Cats received acepromazine (0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThree medetomidine-based protocols were evaluated for sedation in companion rats undergoing diagnostic procedures. Group Me received medetomidine at 150 μg/kg intramuscularly (IM); group Me-Bu received medetomidine 100 μg/kg IM and butorphanol 2 mg/kg IM, and group Me-Bu-Mi received medetomidine 50 μg/kg IM, butorphanol 2 mg/kg IM and midazolam 1 mg/kg IM. The righting reflex disappeared more quickly in the Me-Bu-Mi group, but recovery after atipamezole was longer.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: To determine ultrasonographic features and reference values of the anatomy of the abdomen of common rats (Rattus norvegicus).
Animals: 20 adult male and 20 adult female rats.
Procedures: A complete abdominal ultrasonographic examination was performed with the rats sedated.