[Pharmaceutical regulations in Chad: assessment of drug dispensing practices in private pharmacies in N'Djamena].

Introduction: the purpose of this study was to evaluate drug dispensing practices in private pharmacies in the city of N'Djamena and, specifically, (I) to describe the characteristics of dispensaries, (ii) describe dispensing practices and (iii) assess regulatory compliance when dispensing on the basis of a prescription and an advice.

Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional survey from June to December 2020. Data were collected in two stages, through interviews with pharmacists and participant observation in drug delivery practices in pharmacies.

Chemical Derivatization of Commercially Available Condensed and Hydrolyzable Tannins.

Novel valorization routes for tannins were opened by the development of a simple, straightforward, robust, and flexible approach to the selective functionalization of condensed and hydrolyzable tannins. Irrespective of the different degrees of polymerization, different commercial tannins were efficiently functionalized by the generation of an ether linkage bound to a short linker carrying the desired functional group. Functionalizations could be realized at varying degrees of technical loadings, i.

Sulfited Tannin Capsules: Novel Stimuli-Responsive Delivery Systems.

Microcapsules of sulfited tannin (ST-MCs) were generated for the first time via the sonochemical method. Their stability profile was assessed and set in the general context of tannin microcapsules (TMCs) generated under the same experimental conditions. The analytical data gathered in this work indicate an excellent stability of TMCs over time as well as under high temperature and pressure, which is a major milestone toward the meaningful applications of TMCs in industrial, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications in which sterilization of TMCs might be a prerequisite.

A Study of the Effect of Kosmotropic and Chaotropic Ions on the Release Characteristics of Lignin Microcapsules under Stimuli-Responsive Conditions.

Stimuli-responsive behavior of lignin microcapsules (LMCs) has been investigated along with the detailed characterization of their stability profiles. The disassembly of LMCs was found to be salt species-dependent, indicating the specific relevance of inherent kosmotropic and chaotropic characteristics. For the first time, a connection between the Hofmeister series and the stability profile of lignin microscale materials is established.