In children, the addition of epinephrine modifies the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine injected caudally.

Purpose: To describe the modification of the ropivacaine (R) pharmacokinetics produced by the addition of epinephrine (E).

Methods: After Institutional Review Board approval, 18 ASA I boys received a caudal block (1 mL x kg(-1)) with either plain 0.2% R (Group E-) or with 0.

A second-generation blood substitute (perflubron emulsion) increases the blood solubility of modern volatile anesthetics in vitro.

Unlabelled: Perfluorocarbon-based emulsions increase the blood solubility of isoflurane, enflurane, and halothane, with a maximal effect reported for the less soluble isoflurane. Current volatile anesthetics are less soluble and may be more affected by this phenomenon. Perflubron (Oxygent(TM)) is a perfluorocarbon-based emulsion in late-stage clinical testing in surgical patients for use as a temporary oxygen carrier.