Effects and mechanisms of nutritional interventions on extradigestive complications in obese patients.

Background: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of multiple extradigestive complications. Thus, understanding the global epidemiology of obesity and its relationship with extradigestive complications, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is important. However, nutritional intervention can positively manage issues associated with obesity.

TNF-α, IL-6, and leptin increase the expression of miR-378, an adipogenesis-related microRNA in human adipocytes.

Obesity has become a global public health problem associated with complications including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and several cancers. Adipocyte differentiation (adipogenesis) plays an important role in obesity and energy homeostasis. Adipose tissue secretes multiple cytokines and adipokines which can cause the complications of obesity, especially insulin resistance.

MiR-335, an adipogenesis-related microRNA, is involved in adipose tissue inflammation.

During the development of obesity, adipose tissue releases a host of different adipokines and inflammatory cytokines, such as leptin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and adiponectin, which mediate insulin resistance. Recently, some microRNAs (miRNAs) regulated by adiponectin were identified as novel targets for controlling adipose tissue inflammation. Therefore, the relationship between adipokines and miRNA is worth studying.