Child Health Needs and the Pediatric Cardiology Workforce: 2020-2040.

This article evaluates the pediatric cardiology (PC) workforce and forecasts its future supply. Produced as part of a supplement in Pediatrics, this effort represents a collaboration among the American Board of Pediatrics Foundation, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's Carolina Health Workforce Research Center, the Strategic Modeling and Analysis Ltd., and members of the pediatric subspecialty community.

Minimum Supervision Levels Required for Pediatric Cardiology Fellowship Graduation by Pediatric Cardiology Fellowship Program Directors.

Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) are "observable essential tasks expected to be performed by a physician for safe patient care in practice." Six Pediatric Cardiology (PC) EPAs and their level of supervision (LOS) scales were developed by medical educators in PC using a modified Delphi process and reviewed by the Subspecialty Pediatrics Investigator Network (SPIN). However, their general use in assessment for PC fellows for graduation requirements has yet to be studied.

Intracardiac Flow Analysis of the Right Ventricle in Pediatric Patients With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot Using a Novel Color Doppler Velocity Reconstruction.

Background: Repaired tetralogy of Fallot (RTOF) patients will develop right ventricular (RV) dysfunction from chronic pulmonary regurgitation (PR). Cardiac magnetic resonance sequences such as four-dimensional flow can demonstrate altered vorticity and flow energy loss (FEL); however, they are not as available as conventional echocardiography (echo). The study determined whether a novel, vendor-independent Doppler velocity reconstruction (DoVeR) could measure RV intracardiac flow in conventional echo of RTOF patients.

Clinically Suspected Myocarditis Temporally Related to COVID-19 Vaccination in Adolescents and Young Adults: Suspected Myocarditis After COVID-19 Vaccination.

Background: Understanding the clinical course and short-term outcomes of suspected myocarditis after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination has important public health implications in the decision to vaccinate youth.

Methods: We retrospectively collected data on patients <21 years old presenting before July 4, 2021, with suspected myocarditis within 30 days of COVID-19 vaccination. Lake Louise criteria were used for cardiac MRI findings.

Health Care Policy and Congenital Heart Disease: 2020 Focus on Our 2030 Future.

The congenital heart care community faces a myriad of public health issues that act as barriers toward optimum patient outcomes. In this article, we attempt to define advocacy and policy initiatives meant to spotlight and potentially address these challenges. Issues are organized into the following 3 key facets of our community: patient population, health care delivery, and workforce.

Cardiac echocardiogram findings of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2-associated multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children.

Background: A novel paediatric disease, multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children, has emerged during the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic.

Objectives: To describe the short-term evolution of cardiac complications and associated risk factors in patients with multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children.

Methods: Retrospective single-centre study of confirmed multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children treated from 29 March, 2020 to 1 September, 2020.

Acute Chest Pain in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Patient With Anomalous Coronary Artery: An Etiologic Conundrum.

A 14-year-old with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) developed chest pain with ST-segment elevation, elevated serum troponin, and progressive ventricular dysfunction. Multimodality imaging showed an anomalous right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva with intramural course, but further diagnostic testing led to the diagnosis of acute presentation of DMD-associated cardiomyopathy. ().

Pediatric cardiology national education series: A remote education response to COVID-19.

Objective: Medical education experienced widespread disruption during the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. In response, members of the Society of Pediatric Cardiology Training Program Directors (SPCTPD) created a series of live, Zoom-based lectures for pediatric cardiology fellows. The goals were to support fellow didactic education and connect fellows and faculty during the pandemic.

Making the Match: Three Program Directors' Thoughts on Successfully Matching into Pediatric Cardiology Fellowship.

Successfully matching into a pediatric cardiology fellowship program is difficult, and there is currently a paucity of helpful material for prospective applicants. To address this gap and to guide pediatric cardiology fellowship applicants in navigating this process, three fellowship program directors have compiled a list of recommendations on how residents can improve their chances for a successful match. Detailed descriptions of the following recommendations are provided: become a great pediatrician, show consistent interest in pediatric cardiology, complete a research project, ensure great letters of recommendation, don't botch the personal statement, and apply wisely and interview effectively.

Children with refractory epilepsy demonstrate alterations in myocardial strain.

Objective: To test whether children with epilepsy have impairments in myocardial mechanics compared to controls without epilepsy.

Methods: Children with refractory epilepsy with epilepsy duration of at least 3 years underwent echocardiography including conventional measurements and speckle tracking to assess longitudinal and circumferential strain. Parent-completed surveys, capturing critical aspects of the children's seizure history and cardiac risk factors, complemented retrospective chart reviews, which also included antiepileptic drug history.

Recurrent Cardiology Evaluation for Innocent Heart Murmur: Echocardiogram Utilization.

We conducted a retrospective study to identify electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram utilization among patients presenting for a follow-up cardiology evaluation with innocent heart murmur between 2012 and 2014. The 2014 echocardiogram Appropriate Use Criteria was applied. We observed high rates of ordering ECGs and echocardiograms on follow-up visits (79% and 36%); only 1 patient had an appropriate indication for echocardiogram while the rest had rarely appropriate indication.

A 17-Year-Old With Chest Pain.

A 17-year-old male subject with a history of deep venous thrombosis presented with acute unilateral severe chest pain. His examination was nonspecific, and vital signs were normal. His initial laboratory evaluation revealed mild thrombocytopenia, elevated troponin levels, and critically elevated activated partial thromboplastin time.

Myocardial strain can be measured from first trimester fetal echocardiography using velocity vector imaging.

Objectives: Alterations in myocardial strain can identify cardiac dysfunction and can be measured in the mid-gestation fetus. This study evaluates feasibility of strain measurements in early fetuses and establishes normal early fetal strain values.

Methods: Normal fetal echocardiograms were reviewed for image adequacy for strain measurements in 12- to 14-week gestation fetuses.

Unplanned admissions to a pediatric cardiac critical care unit: a review of 2 years' experience.

Objectives: Unplanned admissions to the pediatric cardiac ICU may be a large and high-risk group. Our study describes the frequency of unplanned pediatric cardiac ICU admissions, their admission data, and outcomes.

Design: All admissions to a pediatric cardiac ICU over 2 years were reviewed and those that were unplanned were identified for a detailed chart abstraction.

Noncoronary inflammation in Kawasaki disease is associated with abnormal myocardial deformation in the acute phase.

Background: Patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) are at risk for developing coronary artery lesions, but the association of noncoronary changes such as mitral regurgitation (MR) and/or pericardial effusion (PE) with cardiac mechanics in the acute phase of KD has not been previously described. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that these noncoronary markers for carditis are associated with abnormalities in strain (ε) and strain rate (SR) in patients with MR or PE not appreciated by conventional echocardiography.

Methods: Longitudinal and circumferential ε and SR analyses were retrospectively performed on patients with KD.

Evaluation of a second-generation microtransesophageal echocardiography transducer and software.

Background: Transesophageal echocardiographic imaging of small infants has been limited because of equipment size. A newer miniaturized transducer has allowed for the imaging of even the smallest patients but has been limited by intermittent poor image quality because of hardware durability. A second generation of the transducer was developed to address this problem.

Abnormal cardiac strain in children and young adults with HIV acquired in early life.

Background: Traditional measures of cardiac function are now often normal in adolescents and young adults treated with antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. There is, however, evidence of myocardial abnormalities in adults with HIV. Cardiac strain analysis may detect impairment in cardiac function that may be missed by conventional measurements in this population.

Carnitine supplementation improves cardiac strain rate in children on chronic hemodialysis.

Background: Carnitine plays a key role in energy production in the myocardium. Carnitine deficiency commonly occurs in patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD) and may contribute to cardiomyopathy.

Methods: Carnitine levels and cardiac function of nine children on HD were assessed before and after 6 months of intravenous levocarnitine supplementation.

Two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging detects impaired myocardial performance in children with septic shock, not recognized by conventional echocardiography.

Objective: Sepsis is common in children and often results in cardiac dysfunction. Assessment of patients with sepsis-associated myocardial depression using ejection fraction and fractional shortening with conventional echocardiography is load dependent and often reveals cardiac dysfunction only after clinical deterioration has occurred. Speckle tracking imaging is a novel technology that can assess deformation and strain by tracking displacement of acoustic markers in the myocardium.