Homogentisic acid is not only eliminated by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion but also produced in the kidney in alkaptonuria.

The clinical effects of alkaptonuria (AKU) are delayed and ageing influences disease progression. Morbidity of AKU is secondary to high circulating homogentisic acid (HGA) and ochronosis. It is not known whether HGA is produced by or processed in the kidney in AKU.

Development of an assay using 4-trifluoromethylumbelliferyl as a marker substrate for assessment of drug-drug interactions to multiple isoforms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases.

Glucuronidation is catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and is one of the most important pathways for elimination of xenobiotics. The aim of the present study was to develop an in vitro assay for assessment of drug-drug interactions related to UGTs applicable to early drug discovery. 4-Trifluoromethylumbelliferyl was tested as a marker substrate for six human recombinant expressed UGT isoforms: 1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9, and 2B7.

Expression of glutathione transferase isoenzymes in the human H295R adrenal cell line and the effect of forskolin.

In previous studies in our laboratory (L. Mankowitz, L. Staffas, M.