Atomoxetine treatment of adults with ADHD and comorbid alcohol use disorders.

Objective: Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have higher rates of alcohol and drug use disorders than adults without ADHD. The study aim was to determine if atomoxetine was superior to placebo in improving ADHD and alcohol use in recently abstinent adults with ADHD and comorbid alcohol use disorder.

Methods: Adults with DSM-IV diagnoses of ADHD and alcohol abuse and/or dependence were abstinent from alcohol at least 4 days (maximum 30 days) before study randomization.

Atomoxetine for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.

Objective: In this study we examined the effectiveness of atomoxetine for the treatment of oppositional defiant disorder comorbid with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Methods: Patients were aged 6 to 12 years and met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with a Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-Revised attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subscale score above age and gender norms; Clinical Global Impressions-Severity Scale score of > or = 4; and Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-Revised oppositional defiant disorder subscale score of > or = 15. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive 1.

Duloxetine versus placebo for the treatment of women with stress predominant urinary incontinence in Taiwan: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Background: This manuscript compares the efficacy and safety of duloxetine with placebo in Taiwanese women with SUI.

Methods: Taiwanese women with SUI were were randomly assigned to placebo (n = 61) or duloxetine 80 mg/day (n = 60) in this double-blind, 8-week, placebo-controlled study. Outcome variables included: incontinence episode frequency (IEF), Incontinence Quality of Life questionnaire (I-QOL) scores, and Patient Global Impression of Improvement rating (PGI-I).

Functional outcomes in the treatment of adults with ADHD.

Objective: ADHD is associated with significant functional impairment in adults. The present study examined functional outcomes following 6-month double-blind treatment with either atomoxetine or placebo.

Method: Patients were 410 adults (58.

Efficacy and tolerability of an mGlu2/3 agonist in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.

LY354740, a potent and selective mGlu (metabotropic glutamate receptor)2/3 agonist, has shown efficacy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). LY544344 is a LY354740 prodrug that increases LY354740 bioavailability. This 8-week study was designed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of LY544344 in the treatment of GAD.

Atomoxetine versus methylphenidate in paediatric outpatients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind comparison trial.

Objective: To (i) test whether atomoxetine is non-inferior to methylphenidate in treating symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in paediatric patients; and (ii) determine the tolerability of the two drugs.

Method: This double-blind study was conducted in 6- to 16-year-old outpatients with ADHD (DSM-IV) in China, Korea and Mexico (January-October 2004). Patients were randomly assigned to once-daily atomoxetine (0.

Long-term atomoxetine treatment in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in adolescent subjects treated for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for up to 2 years.

Study Design: Data from 13 atomoxetine studies (6 double-blind, 7 open-label) were pooled for subjects age 12 to 18 with ADHD as defined by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV.

Results: Of the 601 atomoxetine-treated subjects in this meta-analysis, 537 (89.

The cost of treating anxiety: the medical and demographic correlates that impact total medical costs.

The purpose of this retrospective, multivariate analysis is to examine how medical conditions and demographic characteristics affect the costs of treating individuals diagnosed with anxiety. Data from MarketScan Databases [The MEDSTAT Group, 2000] were used to identify individuals with new episodes of anxiety. Multivariate analysis was used, with the dependent variable being the log of total medical costs.

Preliminary evidence of attenuation of the disruptive effects of the NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, ketamine, on working memory by pretreatment with the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, LY354740, in healthy human subjects.

Rationale: Some of the behavioral consequences of deficits in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor function are thought to arise from the disinhibition of cortical glutamatergic circuitry.

Objective: This study evaluated whether pretreatment with a drug that reduces glutamatergic activation, the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist, LY354740, reduced the cognitive effects of the NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, ketamine, in healthy human subjects.

Methods: Nineteen healthy human subjects completed 3 test days during which LY354740 (matched placebo, 100 mg, 400 mg) was administered under double-blind conditions 4 h prior to the single-blind intravenous administration of saline and 5.

LY354740, an mGlu2/3 receptor agonist as a novel approach to treat anxiety/stress.

Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, which include mGlu1-8 receptors, are a heterogeneous family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that function to modulate neuronal excitation and plasticity via pre-synaptic, post-synaptic and glial mechanisms. Agonists for group II mGlu receptors (mGlu2 and mGlu3), such as LY354740, have been shown to suppress enhanced glutamatergic excitations in brain synapses known to be involved in the expression of fear/anxiety in animals and humans. Systemic administration of LY354740 increases open-arm time in the elevated plus maze in mice under conditions of moderate to severe stress, blocks the expression but not development of fear-potentiated startle in rats, prevents lactate-induced panic-like responses in panic-prone rats, and attenuates certain physiological, behavioral, and neurochemical consequences of acute stress in rodents.

Anxiolytic effects of a novel group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist (LY354740) in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm in humans.

Rationale: LY354740, a structural analogue of glutamate that shows specificity at the mGluR2/3 receptor, has anxiolytic effects in animal models.

Objective: This study investigated the anxiolytic effects of LY354740 in humans using the fear-potentiated startle reflex methodology.

Methods: Subjects were given either placebo (n=16), 20 mg LY354740 (n=15), or 200 mg LY354740 (n=13).

Moxonidine versus placebo as an aid in smoking cessation.

This study assessed the effects of moxonidine as an aid in smoking cessation in 166 heavily addicted smokers who were motivated to quit smoking completely. Recruitment was via advertisement. Patients were randomly allocated to receive double-blind placebo or moxonidine (0.

Bioavailability Study of Nizatidine When Administered in Food.

A single-center, open-label, four-way crossover study was performed in 22 healthy adult subjects to determine the relative effect and significance of certain foods on the bioavailability of nizatidine. Results indicate that administration of nizatidine mixed with apple sauce, cranberry juice, or vegetable juice reduces the bioavailability approximately 30--40% relative to administration of a nizatidine capsule with water. The reduction of bioavailability appears to be primarily due to reduced extent of absorption.