The impact of surgery and oncological treatment on risk of type 2 diabetes onset in patients with colorectal cancer: nationwide cohort study in Denmark.

Background: Comorbidity with type 2 diabetes (T2D) results in worsening of cancer-specific and overall prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The treatment of CRC per se may be diabetogenic. We assessed the impact of different types of surgical cancer resections and oncological treatment on risk of T2D development in CRC patients.

Exercise-induced changes in left ventricular strain are affected by interleukin-6 activity: An exploratory analysis of a randomised-controlled trial in humans with abdominal obesity.

Whilst the exercise-induced myokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a beneficial role in cardiac structural adaptations, its influence on exercise-induced functional cardiac outcomes remains unknown. We hypothesised that IL-6 activity is required for exercise-induced improvements in left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV GLS). In an exploratory study 52 individuals with abdominal obesity were randomised to 12 weeks' high-intensity exercise or no exercise in combination with IL-6 receptor inhibition (IL-6i) or placebo.

The impact of type 2 diabetes on long-term gastrointestinal sequelae after colorectal cancer surgery: national population-based study.

Background: Long-term gastrointestinal sequelae are common after colorectal cancer surgery, but the impact of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is unknown.

Methods: In a cross-sectional design, questionnaires regarding bowel function and quality of life (QoL) were sent to all Danish colorectal cancer survivors, who had undergone surgery between 2001 and 2014 and had more than 2 years follow-up without relapse. The prevalence of long-term gastrointestinal sequelae among colorectal cancer survivors with and without T2D were compared while stratifying for type of surgical resection and adjusting for age, sex, and time since surgery.

Human immune cell mobilization during exercise: effect of IL-6 receptor blockade.

New Findings: What is the central question of this study? Does blockade of the IL-6 receptor by tocilizumab inhibit immune cell mobilization to the blood stream in humans during an acute bout of exercise? What is the main finding and its importance? Blockade of IL-6 receptor signalling by tocilizumab attenuates mobilization of NK cells and dendritic cells to the blood stream during exercise. This implies an inhibitory effect of tocilizumab on the innate immune response to physical stress, which could be considered in clinical settings.

Abstract: Immune cells are recruited from their storage organs and the endothelial walls to the blood stream in response to physiological stress.

Interleukin-6 May Not Affect Bone Resorption Marker CTX or Bone Formation Marker P1NP in Humans.

Context: Interleukin 6 (IL-6) contributes to bone remodeling in preclinical studies. Clinical trials investigating the role of IL-6 in bone remodeling are limited.

Objective: To investigate if IL-6 regulates bone remodeling in humans.

Epicardial adipose tissue: an emerging biomarker of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and heart failure, which highlights the need for improved understanding of factors contributing to the pathophysiology of these complications as they are the leading cause of mortality in T2D. Patients with T2D have high levels of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT). EAT is known to secrete inflammatory factors, lipid metabolites, and has been proposed to apply mechanical stress on the cardiac muscle that may accelerate atherosclerosis, cardiac remodeling, and heart failure.

Effects of Exercise Training and IL-6 Receptor Blockade on Gastric Emptying and GLP-1 Secretion in Obese Humans: Secondary Analyses From a Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is released from skeletal muscle during exercise and systemic IL-6 levels therefore increase acutely in response to a single bout of exercise. We recently showed that an acute increase in IL-6 delayed gastric emptying rate and improved postprandial glycemia. Here we investigate whether repeated increases in IL-6, induced by exercise training, influence gastric emptying rate and moreover if IL-6 is required for exercise-induced adaptations in glycemic control including secretion of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).

Effect of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Cardiac Adipose Tissues: Secondary Analyses From a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Epicardial and pericardial adipose tissues are emerging as important risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and there is a growing interest in discovering strategies to reduce the accumulation of fat in these depots.

Objective: To investigate whether a 12-week endurance or resistance training intervention regulates epicardial and pericardial adipose tissue mass.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Secondary analysis of a randomized, assessor-blinded clinical trial initiated on August 2016 and completed April 2018.

The role of interleukin-6 in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism.

Low-grade inflammation is recognized as an important factor in the development and progression of a multitude of diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. The potential of using antibody-based therapies that neutralize key players of low-grade inflammation has gained scientific momentum as a novel therapeutic strategy in metabolic diseases. As interleukin-6 (IL-6) is traditionally considered a key pro-inflammatory factor, the potential of expanding the use of anti-IL-6 therapies to metabolic diseases is intriguing.

The role of exercise combined with tocilizumab in visceral and epicardial adipose tissue and gastric emptying rate in abdominally obese participants: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Background: Exercise reduces the amount of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. The underlying mechanisms responsible for these exercise-induced adaptations are unclear, but they may involve lipolytic actions of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Contracting skeletal muscles secrete IL-6, leading to increased circulating IL-6 levels in response to exercise.

The role of IL-1 in postprandial fatigue.

Objectives: Cytokines such as IL-1 seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of fatigue associated with some chronic diseases and anti-inflammatory treatment has been shown to reduce these symptoms. Ingestion of a calorie rich meal leads to postprandial fatigue, and is associated with increased systemic concentrations of cytokines, which is more pronounced in obese than lean subjects. We investigated whether postprandial fatigue is regulated by IL-1, and therefore reduced by IL-1 antagonism, in lean and obese subjects.

Pyrexia's effect on the CBG-cortisol thermocouple, rather than CBG cleavage, elevates the acute free cortisol response to TNF-α in humans.

Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) cleavage promotes local cortisol delivery in inflammation. Enzymatic cleavage of high-affinity CBG to low-affinity CBG (haCBG to laCBG) occurs at inflammatory sites and is now measurable in vivo; however, the time kinetics of haCBG depletion following an inflammatory stimulus is unknown. Hence our aim was to determine the immediate effect of the key pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α on CBG levels and cleavage.