Treatment of spasticity.

Spasticity is characterized by an enhanced size and reduced threshold for activation of stretch reflexes and is associated with "positive signs" such as clonus and spasms, as well as "negative features" such as paresis and a loss of automatic postural responses. Spasticity develops over time after a lesion and can be associated with reduced speed of movement, cocontraction, abnormal synergies, and pain. Spasticity is caused by a combination of damage to descending tracts, reductions in inhibitory activity within spinal cord circuits, and adaptive changes within motoneurons.

"I'm in a very good frame of mind": a qualitative exploration of the experience of standing frame use in people with progressive multiple sclerosis.

Objectives: The study aim was to explore the experiences of people with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) and their standing assistants during their participation in Standing Up in Multiple Sclerosis, a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a home-based, self-managed standing frame programme.

Design: A qualitative approach, using audio diary methodology was used to collect data contemporaneously. Diary data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis.

Assessment of a home-based standing frame programme in people with progressive multiple sclerosis (SUMS): a pragmatic, multi-centre, randomised, controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis.

Background: People severely impaired with progressive multiple sclerosis spend much of their day sitting, with very few options to improve motor function. As a result, secondary physical and psychosocial complications can occur. Effective and feasible self-management strategies are needed to reduce sedentary behaviour and enhance motor function.

The safety of baclofen in pregnancy: intrathecal therapy in multiple sclerosis.

Intrathecal baclofen is a GABA-receptor agonist and one of the mainstay treatments of severe spasticity due to multiple sclerosis (MS). The authors report a case on the use of intrathecal baclofen administered using a Medtronic Synchromed II infusion pump. A healthy male infant (2.

The nurse's role in assessing and measuring spasticity.

Spasticity is a common feature of neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, brain and spinal injuries. The management of spasticity remains a challenge for not only the person with spasticity but also their family, carers and healthcare professionals. Accurate assessment and measurement is essential to ensure individuals receive the most appropriate interventions.

Attitudes to long-term care in multiple sclerosis.

At a recent conference workshop, a group of specialist nurses examined their attitudes towards individuals with multiple sclerosis moving into long-term care. This article summarises how the group members examined their attitudes, the literature reviewed and what was learnt by sharing experiences. It also suggests how nurses could promote positive attitudes towards, and ease, the transition of patients into long-term residential care.