Absolute ground truth-based validation of computer-aided nodule detection and volumetry in low-dose CT imaging.

Purpose: To validate the performance of computer-aided detection (CAD) and volumetry software using an anthropomorphic phantom with a ground truth (GT) set of 3D-printed nodules.

Methods: The Kyoto Kaguku Lungman phantom, containing 3D-printed solid nodules including six diameters (4 to 9 mm) and three morphologies (smooth, lobulated, spiculated), was scanned at varying CTDI levels (6.04, 1.

Peripheral blood lymphocytes differ in DNA damage response after exposure to X-rays with different physical properties.

In radiology, low X-ray energies (<140 keV) are used to obtain an optimal image while in radiotherapy, higher X-ray energies (MeV) are used to eradicate tumor tissue. In radiation research, both these X-ray energies being used to extrapolate research to clinical practice. However, the energy deposition of X-rays depends on their energy spectrum, which might lead to changes in biological response.