Air Quality, Health, and Equity Benefits of Carbon Neutrality and Clean Air Pathways in China.

In the pursuit of carbon neutrality, China's 2060 targets have been largely anchored in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with less emphasis on the consequential benefits for air quality and public health. This study pivots to this critical nexus, exploring how China's carbon neutrality aligns with the World Health Organization's air quality guidelines (WHO AQG) regarding fine particulate matter (PM) exposure. Coupling a technology-rich integrated assessment model, an emission-concentration response surface model, and exposure and health assessment, we find that decarbonization reduces sulfur dioxide (SO), nitrogen oxides (NO), and PM emissions by more than 90%; reduces nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) by more than 50%; and simultaneously reduces the disparities across regions.

Evaluating long-term emission impacts of large-scale electric vehicle deployment in the US using a human-Earth systems model.

While large-scale adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) globally would reduce carbon dioxide (CO) and traditional air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector, emissions from the electric sector, refineries, and potentially other sources would change in response. Here, a multi-sector human-Earth systems model is used to evaluate the net long-term emission implications of large-scale EV adoption in the US over widely differing pathways of the evolution of the electric sector. Our results indicate that high EV adoption would decrease net CO emissions through 2050, even for a scenario where all electric sector capacity additions through 2050 are fossil fuel technologies.

Incorporating upstream emissions into electric sector nitrogen oxide reduction targets.

Electricity production is a major source of air pollutants in the U.S. Policies to reduce these emissions typically result in the power industry choosing to apply controls or switch to fuels with lower combustion emissions.

The quest for improved air quality may push China to continue its CO reduction beyond the Paris Commitment.

China is challenged with the simultaneous goals of improving air quality and mitigating climate change. The "Beautiful China" strategy, launched by the Chinese government in 2020, requires that all cities in China attain 35 μg/m or below for annual mean concentration of PM (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) by 2035.

State-level drivers of future fine particulate matter mortality in the United States.

Future fine particulate matter (PM.) concentrations and resulting health impacts will be largely determined by factors such as energy use, fuel choices, emission controls, state and national policies, and demographcs. In this study, a human-earth system model is used to estimate PM mortality costs (PMMC) due to air pollutant emissions from each US state over the period 2015 to 2050, considering current major air quality and energy regulations.

Air pollution control strategies directly limiting national health damages in the US.

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) from fuel combustion significantly contributes to global and US mortality. Traditional control strategies typically reduce emissions for specific air pollutants and sectors to maintain pollutant concentrations below standards. Here we directly set national PM mortality cost reduction targets within a global human-earth system model with US state-level energy systems, in scenarios to 2050, to identify endogenously the control actions, sectors, and locations that most cost-effectively reduce PM mortality.

Market Sensitivity of Solar-Fossil Hybrid Electricity Generation to Price, Efficiency, Policy, and Fuel Projections.

Ideally, new electricity generating units will have low capital costs, low fuel costs, minimal environmental impacts, and satisfy demand without concerns of intermittency. When expanding generating capacity, candidate technologies can be evaluated against criteria such as these. Alternatively, it may be possible to pair technologies in such a way that the combination addresses these criteria better than either technology individually.

Preparedness of representatives for people with dementia in a self-directed program.

Representatives enact their role as decision-making partners across the intersection of participant direction (PD) and dementia care. Self-rated preparedness for key dimensions of the role endorsed by a panel of experts in PD and dementia was assessed by telephone survey of 30 representatives of persons with dementia in a PD program. The sample (daughters 60%; Black 50%; rural 70%) was diverse in length of time in the role and additional responsibilities.

Projecting state-level air pollutant emissions using an integrated assessment model: GCAM-USA.

Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) characterize the interactions among human and earth systems. IAMs typically have been applied to investigate future energy, land use, and emission pathways at global to continental scales. Recent directions in IAM development include enhanced technological detail, greater spatial and temporal resolution, and the inclusion of air pollutant emissions.

Evolution of the United States Energy System and Related Emissions under Varying Social and Technological Development Paradigms: Plausible Scenarios for Use in Robust Decision Making.

The energy system is the primary source of air pollution. Thus, evolution of the energy system into the future will affect society's ability to maintain air quality. Anticipating this evolution is difficult because of inherent uncertainty in predicting future energy demand, fuel use, and technology adoption.

Estimating environmental co-benefits of U.S. low-carbon pathways using an integrated assessment model with state-level resolution.

There are many technological pathways that can lead to reduced carbon dioxide emissions. However, these pathways can have substantially different impacts on other environmental endpoints, such as air quality and energy-related water demand. This study uses an integrated assessment model with state-level resolution of the energy system to compare environmental impacts of alternative low-carbon pathways for the United States.

Effects of recent energy system changes on CO projections for the United States.

Recent projections of future United States carbon dioxide (CO) emissions are considerably lower than projections made just a decade ago. A myriad of factors have contributed to lower forecasts, including reductions in end-use energy service demands, improvements in energy efficiency, and technological innovations. Policies that have encouraged these changes include renewable portfolio standards, corporate vehicle efficiency standards, smart growth initiatives, revisions to building codes, and air and climate regulations.

Exploring the role of natural gas power plants with carbon capture and storage as a bridge to a low-carbon future.

Natural gas combined-cycle (NGCC) turbines with carbon capture and storage (CCS) could be an important source of low-carbon electricity in the future. Factors affecting the market competitiveness of NGCC-CCS are examined by conducting a sensitivity analysis using the MARKet ALlocation energy system optimization model. The results indicate that widespread deployment of NGCC-CCS is better suited for a 30% energy system greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction trajectory than for a more stringent 50% reduction trajectory.

Marginal abatement cost curve for nitrogen oxides incorporating controls, renewable electricity, energy efficiency, and fuel switching.

Unlabelled: A marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) traces out the relationship between the quantity of pollution abated and the marginal cost of abating each additional unit. In the context of air quality management, MACCs are typically developed by sorting control technologies by their relative cost-effectiveness. Other potentially important abatement measures such as renewable electricity, energy efficiency, and fuel switching (RE/EE/FS) are often not incorporated into MACCs, as it is difficult to quantify their costs and abatement potential.

An Inventory of Publicly Funded Participant-Directed Long-Term Services and Supports Programs in the United States.

After a decade of changes in federal law, regulation, and policy designed to promote the growth of publicly funded participant-directed long-term services and supports (PD-LTSS) programs, the number of these programs has grown considerably. The National Resource Center for Participant-Directed Services (NRCPDS) at Boston College started developing an inventory of these programs in 2010-2011 to determine the number and characteristics of publicly funded PD- LTSS programs in the United States. The 2010-2011 NRCPDS inventory provides baseline data for future research efforts in gauging the growth and expansion of this service delivery model.

Role of future scenarios in understanding deep uncertainty in long-term air quality management.

Unlabelled: The environment and its interactions with human systems, whether economic, social, or political, are complex. Relevant drivers may disrupt system dynamics in unforeseen ways, making it difficult to predict future conditions. This kind of "deep uncertainty" presents a challenge to organizations faced with making decisions about the future, including those involved in air quality management.