Drafting's improvement of 3000-m running performance in elite athletes: is it a placebo effect?

Purpose: To determine the effect of drafting on running time, physiological response, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during 3000-m track running.

Methods: Ten elite middle- and long-distance runners performed 3 track-running sessions. The 1st session determined maximal oxygen uptake and maximal aerobic speed using a lightweight ambulatory respiratory gas-exchange system (K4B2).

Effect of age and combined sprint and strength training on plasma catecholamine responses to a Wingate-test.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to study the effects of aging and combined training (sprint and strength) on catecholamine responses [adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA)].

Methods: Thirty-two male subjects voluntarily participated in this study. They were randomly divided into four groups: A young trained group (age 21.