Diversity of Mycogenic Oxide and Chalcogenide Nanoparticles: A Review.

Oxide and chalcogenide nanoparticles have great potential for use in biomedicine, engineering, agriculture, environmental protection, and other research fields. The myco-synthesis of nanoparticles with fungal cultures, their metabolites, culture liquids, and mycelial and fruit body extracts is simple, cheap and environmentally friendly. The characteristics of nanoparticles, including their size, shape, homogeneity, stability, physical properties and biological activity, can be tuned by changing the myco-synthesis conditions.

Diversity of Biogenic Nanoparticles Obtained by the Fungi-Mediated Synthesis: A Review.

Fungi are very promising biological objects for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles using different mycological cultures and substances obtained from them is a promising, easy and environmentally friendly method. By varying the synthesis conditions, the same culture can be used to produce nanoparticles with different sizes, shapes, stability in colloids and, therefore, different biological activity.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles with extracellular and intracellular extracts of basidiomycetes.

Au, Ag, Se, and Si nanoparticles were synthesized from aqueous solutions of HAuCl, AgNO, NaSeO, and NaSiO with extra- and intracellular extracts from the xylotrophic basidiomycetes , , , and . The shape, size, and aggregation properties of the nanoparticles depended both on the fungal species and on the extract type. The bioreduction of the metal-containing compounds and the formation rate of Au and Ag nanoparticles depended directly on the phenol oxidase activity of the fungal extracts used.

Nanoparticles synthesis by Agaricus soil basidiomycetes.

We examined the effect of various concentrations of HAuCl, AgNO, NaSeO, NaSiO, and GeO on mycelial growth of the soil basidiomycetes Agaricus bisporus and A. arvensis in submerged and solid media. Fungal mycelial extracts and cell-free culture filtrates were able to reduce ions of Au, Ag, Se, Si, and Ge compounds, forming Au, Ag, Se, Si/SiO and Ge/GeO nanoparticles.

Lectins from Mycelia of Basidiomycetes.

Lectins are proteins of a nonimmunoglobulin nature that are capable of specific recognition of and reversible binding to the carbohydrate moieties of complex carbohydrates, without altering the covalent structure of any of the recognized glycosyl ligands. They have a broad range of biological activities important for the functioning of the cell and the whole organism and, owing to the high specificity of reversible binding to carbohydrates, are valuable tools used widely in biology and medicine. Lectins can be produced by many living organisms, including basidiomycetes.

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles of metals and metalloids by basidiomycetes. Preparation of gold nanoparticles by using purified fungal phenol oxidases.

The work shows the ability of cultured Basidiomycetes of different taxonomic groups-Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma lucidum, and Grifola frondosa-to recover gold, silver, selenium, and silicon, to elemental state with nanoparticles formation. It examines the effect of these metal and metalloid compounds on the parameters of growth and accumulation of biomass; the optimal cultivation conditions and concentrations of the studied ion-containing compounds for recovery of nanoparticles have been identified. Using the techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray phase analysis, the degrees of oxidation of the bioreduced elements, the ζ-potential of colloidal solutions uniformity, size, shape, and location of the nanoparticles in the culture fluid, as well as on the surface and the inside of filamentous hyphae have been determined.

[Role of the NO Synthase System in Response to Abiotic Stress Factors for Basidiomycetes Lentinula edodes and Grifola frondosa].

Effect of stressors (unfavorable pH and temperature or carbon and nitrogen limitation) on the synthesis of the components of the NO synthase signaling system was studied in submerged cultures of xylotrophic basidiomycetes Lentinula edodes and Grifola frondosa. Marker compounds of the NO synthase signaling system were found in both cultures. A simultaneous increase of the concentrations of NO and citrulline in the culture liquid of the basidiomycetes grown at superoptimal pH and in nitrogen-limited medium indicates the activation of the NO synthase signaling system under such stress conditions.

Reduction of selenite by Azospirillum brasilense with the formation of selenium nanoparticles.

The ability to reduce selenite (SeO(3)(2-)) ions with the formation of selenium nanoparticles was demonstrated in Azospirillum brasilense for the first time. The influence of selenite ions on the growth of A. brasilense Sp7 and Sp245, two widely studied wild-type strains, was investigated.

Enzymatic formation of gold nanoparticles by submerged culture of the basidiomycete Lentinus edodes.

We report for the first time that the medicinal basidiomycete Lentinus edodes can reduce Au(III) from chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to elemental Au [Au(0)], forming nanoparticles. Several methods, including transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and dynamic light scattering, were used to show that when the fungus was grown submerged, colloidal gold accumulated on the surface of and inside the mycelial hyphae as electron-dense particles mostly spherical in shape, with sizes ranging from 5 to 50nm. Homogeneous proteins (the fungal enzymes laccase, tyrosinase, and Mn-peroxidase) were found for the first time to be involved in the reduction of Au(III) to Au(0) from HAuCl4.

Reduction of organic and inorganic selenium compounds by the edible medicinal basidiomycete Lentinula edodes and the accumulation of elemental selenium nanoparticles in its mycelium.

We report for the first time that the medicinal basidiomycete Lentinula edodes can reduce selenium from inorganic sodium selenite (Se(IV)) and the organoselenium compound 1,5-diphenyl-3-selenopentanedione-1,5 (DAPS-25) to the elemental state, forming spherical nanoparticles. Submerged cultivation of the fungus with sodium selenite or with DAPS-25 produced an intense red coloration of L. edodes mycelial hyphae, indicating accumulation of elemental selenium (Se(0)) in a red modification.

[Auxin synthesis by the higher fungus Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing in the presence of low concentrations of indole compounds].

The auxin formation in a submerged culture of the xylotrophic basidiomycete Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler) (shiitake) is studied.

Biodegradation of an organoselenium compound to elemental selenium by Lentinula edodes (shiitake) mushroom.

The present paper reports for the first time the transformation of an organic selenium compound into red selenium (Se), which causes the intense red pigmentation of Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) mycelia. The biotransformation of 1,5-diphenyl-3-selenopentanedione-1,5 (diacetophenonyl selenide, preparation DAPS-25) was studied in liquid- and solid-phase cultures of L. edodes.

Isolation and characterization of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) singer extracellular lectins.

Lectin preparations have been isolated and purified from the culture liquid of the xylotrophic basidiomycete Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler].