Low/no calorie sweetened beverage consumption in the National Weight Control Registry.

Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate prevalence of and strategies behind low/no calorie sweetened beverage (LNCSB) consumption in successful weight loss maintainers.

Methods: An online survey was administered to 434 members of the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR, individuals who have lost ≥13.6 kg and maintained weight loss for > 1 year).

Changing trends in the prevalence and disparities of obesity and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in three racial/ethnic groups of USA adults.

Objectives. To examine trends in the prevalence and disparities of traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among the major race/ethnic groups in the USA: non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs), non-Hispanic Blacks (NHBs), and Mexican Americans (MAs). Methods.

Comparative effects of low-carbohydrate high-protein versus low-fat diets on the kidney.

Background And Objectives: Concerns exist about deleterious renal effects of low-carbohydrate high-protein weight loss diets. This issue was addressed in a secondary analysis of a parallel randomized, controlled long-term trial.

Design, Setting, Participants, And Measurements: Between 2003 and 2007, 307 obese adults without serious medical illnesses at three United States academic centers were randomly assigned to a low-carbohydrate high-protein or a low-fat weight-loss diet for 24 months.

Does the epidemiologic paradox hold in the presence of risk factors for low birth weight infants among Mexican-born women in Colorado?

Objectives: To test whether foreign-born status confers a protective effect against low birth weight (LBW) outcomes among Mexican-origin women in Colorado.

Methods: Retrospective cohort study utilizing Colorado birth records from 1989-2004 for multivariate logistic regression analysis. The study population was 66,422 U.

Cluster analysis of the national weight control registry to identify distinct subgroups maintaining successful weight loss.

The National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) is the largest ongoing study of individuals successful at maintaining weight loss; the registry enrolls individuals maintaining a weight loss of at least 13.6 kg (30 lb) for a minimum of 1 year. The current report uses multivariate latent class cluster analysis to identify unique clusters of individuals within the NWCR that have distinct experiences, strategies, and attitudes with respect to weight loss and weight loss maintenance.

The time burden of overweight and obesity in primary care.

Background: Overweight and obesity are associated with many conditions treated in primary care. Our objectives were: 1) to determine the frequency of weight-related conditions in a national sample of outpatient visits in the United States; 2) to establish the percentage of diagnosis codes and visit codes attributable to overweight and obesity; and 3) to estimate time spent to address these conditions, including time attributable to overweight and obesity itself.

Methods: We analyzed primary care visits from the 2005 and 2006 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) in the United States.

Trends in carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes and association with energy intake in normal-weight, overweight, and obese individuals: 1971-2006.

Background: The prevalence of obesity in the United States has increased dramatically.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine trends in carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes in adults and their association with energy intake by using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)-a representative sample of the US population.

Design: Data on adults aged 20-74 y from the first NHANES (NHANES I, 1971-1975; n = 13,106) were compared with data from NHANES 2005-2006 (n = 4381).

Lifestyle risk factors for atherosclerosis in adults with type 1 diabetes.

The objective of this study was to compare the amount of self-reported physical activity, alcohol and tobacco use in a large sample of adults with type 1 diabetes and non-diabetic subjects. A second aim is to test the hypothesis that these lifestyle risk factors are associated cross-sectionally with coronary artery calcification. In 2000-2002, the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes (CACTI) study applied validated questionnaires for smoking, alcohol and physical activity to 582 type 1 diabetes subjects and 724 non-diabetic subjects.

Relationship between cystatin C and coronary artery atherosclerosis progression differs by type 1 diabetes.

Background: Cystatin C has been proposed to better estimate renal function and predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) than serum creatinine. To expand on our previous report, we investigated whether the relationship of cystatin C to progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis (CA) differed between individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and persons without diabetes.

Methods: Coronary artery calcium was measured twice over 2.

Early-life predictors of higher body mass index in healthy children.

Background/aims: Childhood obesity tracks into adulthood, and may increase diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood. Prospective analyses may better define the pathways between early life factors and greater childhood body mass index (BMI), a measure of obesity.

Methods: The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) prospectively follows children from birth that are at increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes.

Do calorie-controlled portion sizes of snacks reduce energy intake?

In a cross-over study, participants (n=59) were randomly assigned to receive either 100 kcal packs or standard size packages of snacks for 1 week. After a minimum of a 1-week washout period, participants received the other form of the snack for 1 week. Snack consumption was recorded by participants in a diary.

Evaluation of urinary biomarkers for coronary artery disease, diabetes, and diabetic kidney disease.

Background: In this study we sought to validate urinary biomarkers for diabetes and two common complications, coronary artery disease (CAD) and diabetic nephropathy (DN).

Methods: A CAD score calculated by summing the product of a classification coefficient and signal amplitude of 15 urinary polypeptides was previously developed. Five sequences of biomarkers in the panel were identified as fragments of collagen alpha-1(I) and alpha-1(III).

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is associated with coronary artery calcium in Type 1 diabetes.

Background: Elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the major inhibitor of fibrinolysis, is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). This association may not be independent of factors related to insulin resistance (IR). Patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus have increased CAD and an increase in sub-clinical CAD which develops earlier in life.

Reproductive history and hormonal birth control use are associated with coronary calcium progression in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Context: Coronary artery disease is increased in women with type 1 diabetes (T1D), compared with nondiabetic (Non-DM) women. Women with T1D have more menstrual dysfunction and are less likely to use hormonal birth control (BC) than Non-DM women.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether coronary artery calcium (CAC) is associated with menstrual dysfunction and BC use in women with T1D.

Physical activity patterns in the National Weight Control Registry.

Objective: The National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) was established in 1993 to examine the characteristics of those who are successful at weight loss: individuals maintaining a 13.6-kg weight loss for >1 year. The size of the registry has increased substantially since the early descriptions of this group a decade ago.

Safety and antioxidant activity of a pomegranate ellagitannin-enriched polyphenol dietary supplement in overweight individuals with increased waist size.

The consumption of pomegranate juice (PJ), a rich source of antioxidant polyphenols, has grown tremendously due to its reported health benefits. Pomegranate extracts, which incorporate the major antioxidants found in pomegranates, namely, ellagitannins, have been developed as botanical dietary supplements to provide an alternative convenient form for consuming the bioactive polyphenols found in PJ. Despite the commercial availability of pomegranate extract dietary supplements, there have been no studies evaluating their safety in human subjects.

Methodological issues in design and analysis of a matched case-control study of a vaccine's effectiveness.

Objective: Case-control studies of the effectiveness of a vaccine are useful to answer important questions, such as the effectiveness of a vaccine over time, that usually are not addressed by prelicensure clinical trials of the vaccine's efficacy. This report describes methodological issues related to design and analysis that were used to determine the effects of time since vaccination and age at the time of vaccination.

Study Design And Setting: A matched case-control study of the effectiveness of varicella vaccine was conducted.

ACE-I/ARB treatment in type 1 diabetes patients with albuminuria is associated with lower odds of progression of coronary artery calcification.

Aims: The objective of this study was to determine whether baseline albuminuria predicts coronary artery calcification (CAC) progression in subjects with type 1 diabetes and whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) or angiotensin II type I receptor blocker (ARB) treatment is associated with lower odds of CAC progression.

Methods: In 2000-2002, the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes study enrolled 652 subjects with type 1 diabetes who were between 19 and 56 years old and had no known history of coronary artery disease (CAD). In this analysis, CAC progression over 2.

Serum cystatin C predicts progression of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in individuals with type 1 diabetes.

Objective: Renal function is an important determinant of coronary atherosclerosis, and serum cystatin C is a novel accurate measure of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and a predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality. We hypothesized that in individuals with type 1 diabetes, cystatin C would 1) predict progression of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis (SCA) and 2) be a stronger predictor of SCA than serum creatinine, GFR (estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault [GFRCG] and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease [GFRMDRD] formulas), and albumin excretion rate.

Research Design And Methods: Coronary artery calcification was measured twice, using Imatron C-150 Ultrafast CT, over a 2.

Determinants of serum adiponectin in persons with and without type 1 diabetes.

Low levels of adiponectin have been related to coronary heart disease, but adiponectin is higher in persons with type 1 diabetes who have an increased rate of coronary disease. In the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes Study (2000-2002), the authors investigated potential determinants of elevated adiponectin levels in persons with type 1 diabetes and whether a difference exists compared with nondiabetic persons. Serum adiponectin was measured in 1,393 persons (sex: 48% male; age: 38 (standard deviation: 9) years; diabetes duration: 23 (standard deviation: 9) years; 54% nondiabetic and 46% with type 1 diabetes).

Characteristics of adolescent women who stop using contraception after use at first sexual intercourse.

Study Objective: Identify correlates of contraceptive discontinuation, which if modified, might make teenagers more, not less, effective contraceptors as they age.

Setting: Teen clinic.

Participants: Teenagers who used contraception at first intercourse (N = 120).

Effect of altitude on hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus infection.

Objective: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the foremost cause of serious lower respiratory tract infection in young children and infants. Because higher rates of hospitalization for bronchiolitis and pneumonia have been noted in high-altitude regions, we hypothesized that physiologic responses to altitude would predispose children to more severe illness from RSV infection. This study examined the effect of residential altitude on hospitalizations for RSV infection in Colorado from 1998 through 2002.

Prostatic fluid concentrations of isoflavonoids in soy consumers are sufficient to inhibit growth of benign and malignant prostatic epithelial cells in vitro.

Background: The differential intestinal metabolism of the soy isoflavones is likely to influence the ability of soy to prevent prostate cancer. While daidzein, genistein, and equol have direct antiproliferative effects on prostatic epithelial cells in vitro, there are no such data for the isoflavone glycitein, or seven metabolites: O-desmethylangolensin (ODMA), 6-hydroxyODMA (6H-ODMA), dihydrodaidzein (DHD), cis-4-hydroxyequol (C4HE), 3'-hydroxydaidzein (3HD), 6-hydroxydaidzein (6HD), and 8-hydroxydaidzein (8HD). In the current study, the in vitro activities of these compounds were elucidated, and the active ranges of concentrations were compared to that found in Caucasian prostatic fluid (PF) and plasma samples.