Sociology: An Exploration into the Discipline's Relationship with Leadership Education.

As a discipline, sociology examines cultural and organizational dimensions of human interactions in society that provide the foundation for leadership studies as well as inform the development of leaders.

A study of Benjamin's eight-facet Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) model.

The study purpose was to evaluate the cluster, or facet, version of Benjamin's (1974, 1996b) Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) in independent samples of 133 normal participants and 182 psychiatric cases. We first tested for the presence of 3 circumplexes, Focus on the Other, Focus on the Self, and Introject in the 36 items that are hypothesized to define each of them. Next, intercorrelations of 8 item-based facet scales were assessed for internal consistency, factor structure, and circular order, with the expectation that the scales would be reliable, yield 2 higher-order factors, and demonstrate a circumplex structure.

Invited essay: the challenge of differentiating normal and disordered personality.

By separating personality disorders from other psychiatric conditions and requiring mental health professionals to assess the personalities of all their patients, DSM-III Axis II created an explosion of ideas and research on the nature and structure of personality. Since 1980, theorists and researchers from previously segregated camps have come together to address a number of important taxonomic issues, including the relationship between normal and disordered character. In this article, we place the challenge of differentiating normal and abnormal personality in historical perspective, and outline major theories, models, and methods that inform personologists in their quest.

The interpersonal circle as a heuristic model for interpersonal research.

In this article, I review major advances in the development of the interpersonal circle and its measurement, as delineated by Timothy Leafy (1957) and his colleagues. In my early work (Lorr & McNair, 1963, 1965), an interpersonal Behavior Inventory consisting of manifest behavioral statements was constructed. The 14 categories were found to fit a circular order in several samples.

Personality profiles of police candidates.

Recently, Eber (1991) reported on several large-scale studies of law enforcement candidates. The main measures were the two parts of the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire (Krug, Cattell, & IPAT, 1980). Part I consists of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire Scales, while Part II is devoted to 12 measures of psychopathology.

Some NEO-PI five-factor personality profiles.

The aim of this study was to identify any clusters of score profiles to be found in a college sample of 236 subjects administered the five-factor NEO [Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness] Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1985). Application of Ward's agglomerative hierarchical procedure to the score profiles disclosed six clusters that were replicated in a K-means partitioning process. The six clusters were then compared by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with respect to their mean five higher order scores on the Interpersonal Style Inventory (Lorr, 1986).

The Interpersonal Style Inventory and the five-factor model.

The study examined relations between the 15 scale scores of the Interpersonal Style Inventory (Lorr & Youniss, 1985) and the domain measures of the five-factor model provided by the NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1985). A sample of 236 college students were administered both inventories. A principal component analysis of the 5 NEO-PI domain scores and the 15 ISI scale scores followed by a Varimax rotation disclosed the expected five higher-order factors.

An inventory of social skills.

A social skills inventory of 128 true-false items was constructed to assess eight hypothesized bipolar dimensions. In a series of principal component analyses, seven of the constructs plus an added concept were isolated in both college and high school men and women. Some of the factors isolated were Social Assertiveness, Directiveness, Defense of Rights, Confidence, and Empathy.

An MCMI-II item-level component analysis: personality and clinical factors.

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, Version 2 (MCMI-II) was released to replace the MCMI-I. Research into the factor structure of the items of the MCMI-I showed components consistent with the underlying construction theory. No such work has been done with the new MCMI-II.

Mood changes in substance abuse patients as a result of therapy.

A sample of 57 substance abuse patients who were participating in a broad residential treatment program were evaluated for changes in negative affect. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) was administered once a week for 4 weeks. The 4-week changes on five of the six mood scales were significantly positive after treatment.

Personality and symptom dimensions of the MCMI-II: an item factor analysis.

The self-reports of a sample of 248 male psychiatric patients on the MCMI-II (Millon, 1987) were factor analyzed at the item level. Principal components analyses with both Varimax and Direct Oblimin rotations were carried out separately on 120 personality disorder items and 51 clinical symptom items. As judged by the scree test, seven factors accounted for the personality disorder items, and five factors accounted for the symptom items.

Profile clusters of the MCMI-II personality disorder scales.

An analysis was conducted to identify the major personality disorder score profiles to be found in the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory II. Application of Ward's agglomerative hierarchical procedure to two subsamples of psychiatric patients (n = 83 for each) yielded four replicated subgroups. A subsequent K-means nonhierarchical approach confirmed four of the Ward clusters.

Item factor structure of the Personality Adjective Check List.

This study reports on a principal-components analysis of the Personality Adjective Check List (PACL) at the item level. Data came from a national sample of normal adults and included the responses of 1,058 men and 1,194 women (N = 2,252). Analyses were conducted separately for men and women, and for the sexes combined.

MCMI-II scoring: weighted and unweighted algorithms.

This brief report examines the relationship between the scale scores derived through weighted and unweighted item scoring on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II). The inventories of 356 subjects across three samples were scored using weighted and unweighted algorithms. Correlations between the weighted and unweighted MCMI-II scales were found to approach unity.

An analysis of the MCMI-I at the item level.

The study reports on principal component analyses of the MCMI-1 at the item level. The 175 items of the MCMI were separated for analysis into 100 descriptive of personality and 75 that represent clinical symptoms. The data analyzed came from a sample of 253 psychiatric outpatients and a sample of 185 inpatient alcoholics.

The place of self-esteem in interpersonal behavior.

Two measures of self-esteem (Confidence and Perceived Social Approval) were administered with the short form of the Interpersonal Style Inventory to 75 male high school students. The purpose was to determine the place of self-esteem in the domain of interpersonal behavior. A principal components analysis of the intercorrelations among the 17 scale scores disclosed six factors.

Self-esteem and negative affect.

It was hypothesized that the Profile of Mood States (bipolar form) measures two higher-order dimensions: Positive and Negative Affect. It also was conjectured that subjects low in self-esteem report more Negative Affect than those high in self-esteem. POMS and the Self-Attitude Inventory were administered to 102 high school students.

A semantic differential mood scale.

A set of bipolar semantic differential type adjective scales were constructed to assess five mood states. The response format chosen serves to control for response bias, reduces the number of items by half, and measures both positive and negative affect. Each of the six bipolar mood states hypothesized was defined by seven five-point items.

Higher-order factors assessed by the ISI and PRF.

The Interpersonal Style Inventory and the Personality Research Form were administered to 327 adolescents in order to test hypotheses with regard to the second-order factors that they share in common. The 37 scale scores were intercorrelated and factored by the principal axes method and rotated to an oblique solution. The seven correlated factors were interpreted as Impulse Control, Extraversion-Introversion, Autonomy, Level of Socialization, Achievement Motivation, Liking New Experience, and Adventure Seeking.

Two objective measures of self-esteem.

Two scales were constructed to assess self-esteem, conceptualized as reflecting (a) feelings of competence and efficacy, and (b) perceived positive appraisal from significant others. To control for response bias a paired choice format was chosen for the items constructed. A buffer scale designed to measure social assertiveness was also included.

Factors common to the ISI and the 16PF inventories.

This study tested for five higher-order dimensions hypothesized to be common to the Interpersonal Style (ISI) and the 16PF questionnaires. A sample of detoxified alcohol dependent inpatients (N = 50) were administered the ISI and the 16PF on two separate occasions. The 31 scale intercorrelations were analyzed by the method of principal axes.

Profile patterns in the 16PF questionnaire.

The study goal was to identify the main clusters of 16PF score profiles to be found in a mixed sample of students and adults. The 300 subjects represented, half male and half female, were subdivided into three equal subsamples. To demonstrate replicability, the three subsamples were cluster analyzed by three procedures: Nonhierarchical average linkage, minimum variance, and K-means.

Evidence for bipolar mood states.

Currently, the mood states are regarded as monopolar. This study tested in psychiatric subjects for the presence of five bipolar mood states after the influence of extreme response bias had been removed. The affective states hypothesized were: composed vs anxious, agreeable vs hostile, energetic vs fatigued, elated vs depressed, and clear-thinking vs confused.