Effect of a virtual simulated participant experience on antibiotic stewardship knowledge among pre-licensure baccalaureate nursing students: A pilot study.

Background: Antibiotic resistant infections are a growing global public health threat poised to render antibiotics ineffective in treating even the most common infectious diseases. It is essential that future nurses have the knowledge and skills to keep patients safe from antibiotic harm in all health care settings, however, studies indicate that there is limited education provided in nursing schools regarding antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance, and antibiotic stewardship nursing practices.

Objective: Evaluate the effect of a virtual, scenario-based simulation experience using simulated participants on pre-licensure baccalaureate nursing students' antibiotic, antibiotic resistance, and antibiotic stewardship nursing practice knowledge.

Evaluation of infection concept and content integration in a baccalaureate nursing program curriculum.

Nursing students must graduate from their programs equipped with evidenced-based knowledge and skills to prevent, detect, control, and stop the spread of infectious agents regardless of setting. This program evaluation sought to determine curricular integration of the concept of infection and infection prevention and control practices.

Selective Packaging in Murine Coronavirus Promotes Virulence by Limiting Type I Interferon Responses.

Selective packaging is a mechanism used by multiple virus families to specifically incorporate genomic RNA (gRNA) into virions and exclude other types of RNA. Lineage A betacoronaviruses incorporate a 95-bp stem-loop structure, the packaging signal (PS), into the nsp15 locus of ORF1b that is both necessary and sufficient for the packaging of RNAs. However, unlike other viral PSs, where mutations generally resulted in viral replication defects, mutation of the coronavirus (CoV) PS results in large increases in subgenomic RNA packaging with minimal effects on gRNA packaging and on viral titers.

Microglia are required for protection against lethal coronavirus encephalitis in mice.

Recent findings have highlighted the role of microglia in orchestrating normal development and refining neural network connectivity in the healthy CNS. Microglia are not only vital cells in maintaining CNS homeostasis, but also respond to injury, infection, and disease by undergoing proliferation and changes in transcription and morphology. A better understanding of the specific role of microglia in responding to viral infection is complicated by the presence of nonmicroglial myeloid cells with potentially overlapping function in the healthy brain and by the rapid infiltration of hematopoietic myeloid cells into the brain in diseased states.

Murine Olfactory Bulb Interneurons Survive Infection with a Neurotropic Coronavirus.

Viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) is complicated by the mostly irreplaceable nature of neurons, as the loss of neurons has the potential to result in permanent damage to brain function. However, whether neurons or other cells in the CNS sometimes survive infection and the effects of infection on neuronal function is largely unknown. To address this question, we used the rJHM strain (rJ) of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a neurotropic coronavirus that causes acute encephalitis in susceptible strains of mice.