Advances in quantitative immunohistochemistry and their contribution to breast cancer.

: Automated image analysis provides an objective, quantitative, and reproducible method of measurement of biomarkers. Image quantification is particularly well suited for the analysis of tissue microarrays which has played a major pivotal role in the rapid assessment of molecular biomarkers. Data acquired from grinding up bulk tissue samples miss spatial information regarding cellular localization; therefore, methods that allow for spatial cell phenotyping at high resolution have proven to be valuable in many biomarker discovery assays.

Construction and validation of tissue microarrays of ductal carcinoma in situ and terminal duct lobular units associated with invasive breast carcinoma.

Construction of tissue microarrays (TMAs) to efficiently characterize large sets of noninvasive epithelial lesions in the breast by immunohistochemistry is an appealing investigative approach, but presents technical challenges. We report methodologic studies performed to optimize methods for building TMAs from noninvasive breast tissues collected in a large case-control study of breast cancer. Using a manual arraying technique with 2.

Vascular endothelial growth factor, FLT-1, and FLK-1 analysis in a pancreatic cancer tissue microarray.

Background: Measures of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in pancreatic cancer typically have been qualitative or semiquantitative. The objective of this study was to use a series of algorithms called AQUA that quantitatively assesses protein expression on tissue microarrays (TMAs) to compare in situ expression of VEGF and its primary receptors, VEGF receptor 1 (FLT-1) and VEGF receptor 1 (FLK-1), on a pancreatic cancer TMA.

Methods: TMAs were constructed by arraying 1.

Long-term preservation of antigenicity on tissue microarrays.

Tissue microarrays have facilitated the evaluation of large cohort studies; however, there is little data on the best method for preserving sections once they are cut. We assessed three methods of storing precut breast cancer microarray slides: paraffin coating and storage in a nitrogen desiccator, either alone or in combination. We tested the durability of three antigens, cytokeratin, estrogen receptor, and Ki-67 on microarrays stored under these conditions for 3 months at room temperature.

Central deafness associated with a midbrain lesion.

Central deafness has been linked historically to bihemispheric involvement of the temporal lobe, with more recent findings suggesting that compromise of other cortical and subcortical structures can also result in this disorder. The present investigation extends our understanding of the potential anatomical correlates to central deafness by demonstrating that bilateral involvement of an auditory structure within the midbrain can additionally result in this condition. Our subject was a 21-year-old male with a subarachnoid bleed affecting both inferior colliculi.